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This paper reviews the influence of the tropical climate on economic development. The paper highlights that the effect of climate is clearly not the only ruling constraint on economic development. It is claimed that climatic factors severely hamper development through their impact on both human beings and their agriculture. Human economic activity is directly and adversely affected through the widespread extent and impact of diseases; and tropical agriculture suffers in the quality of its soils, its rainfall, and its multiplicity of pests and diseases.
Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Agribusiness --- Labor --- Foreign Exchange --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Trade: General --- Agriculture: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Health: General --- Monetary economics --- Labour --- income economics --- International economics --- Banking --- Finance --- Currencies --- Exports --- Agricultural sector --- Money --- Health --- International trade --- Employment --- Banks and banking --- Agricultural industries --- Saving and investment --- Labor economics --- Foreign exchange --- United States --- Income economics
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This paper focuses on the subject of development and income distribution, and suggests a method whereby economic development can be skewed in favor of the poor. The paper underscores that improvements in the distribution of income can be achieved by applying shadow cost significantly below money cost to determine the social cost of employing members of low-income groups and to use the social consolidation strategy in the choice of technology in the physical construction of projects. The application of this method would result in the more extensive use of labor instead of capital equipment.
Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Finance --- Labour --- income economics --- Monetary economics --- International economics --- Debt relief --- Personal income --- Income distribution --- Income inequality --- Asset and liability management --- National accounts --- Debts, External --- Income --- Credit --- International finance --- India --- Income economics
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This paper analyzes the issue of migrant workers in Europe. The paper highlights that the number of migrant workers currently in the major industrialized countries of Western Europe is not accurately known. The actual annual flow of migration into Western Europe has been growing rapidly in recent years. Most migrants are so-called annual or permanent workers, although in France, particularly in agriculture, and in Switzerland, “seasonal” migration is also important. The paper also highlights that the sectoral distribution of migrant workers tends to follow the pattern of sectoral employment growth in the receiving country.
Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Labor --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Trade: General --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Banking --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Labour --- income economics --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Imports --- Fiscal accounting and reporting --- International trade --- Migration --- Population and demographics --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Banks and banking --- Finance, Public --- Accounting --- Credit --- Emigration and immigration --- India --- Income economics
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This paper focuses on theoretical and policy issues posed by financial integration among industrial countries since the mid-1950s. The problems of measuring international financial integration and of estimating its trend over the years are also explored. The role of the Euro-dollar market, as a major financial intermediary that channels short-term funds between the money markets of the industrial countries, is examined first. An econometric analysis of factors influencing the Euro-dollar interest rate indicates that its movements are dominated by conditions in the United States and suggests a high degree of integration between the US and Euro-dollar capital markets. However, the results also lend some support to the view that the Euro-dollar rate is influenced by conditions in Europe, particularly by bursts of speculation. Since neither sterilization policies nor intervention in capital movements is likely to be entirely successful, highly integrated economies might also tend to determine their interest rates partly in the light of interest rate developments overseas.
Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Deflation --- Economic theory --- Employment --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Income economics --- Inflation --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Prices --- Public finance & taxation --- Sales tax --- Sales tax, tariffs & customs duties --- Spendings tax --- Subnational tax --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Taxes --- Unemployment --- Value-added tax --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- United States
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