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An introductory review of the equivalent electric circuit of a piezoelectric vibrator and its parameters is followed by a discussion of the determination of these parameters by the transmission method. This method was published in 1951 and became the basis for the 1957 IRE Standard. Since that time, a thorough investigation of the transmission method has resulted in more precise expressions which permit a more accurate evaluation of the parameters. This method is suitable for frequencies up to about 30 MHz for the commonly encounted ranges of the capacitance ratio r and the figure of merit M, provided that errors due to instrumentation are taken into account. The equations presented in this Standard have been formulated to correct these errors.

Piezoelectric polymer biosensors.