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"In this volume Professor Groos makes a contribution to three distinct but cognate departments of inquiry: philosophical biology, animal psychology, and the genetic study of art. The world of play, to which art belongs, stands in most important and interesting contrast with the stern realities of life; yet there are few scientific works in the field of human play, and none at all in that of animal play--a fact to be accounted for, probably, by the inherent difficulties of the subject, both objective and subjective. The animal psychologist must harbour in his breast not only two souls, but more; he must unite with a thorough training in physiology, psychology, and biology the experience of a traveller, the practical knowledge of the director of a zoological garden, and the outdoor lore of a forester. And even then he could not round up his labours satisfactorily unless he were familiar with the trend of modern aesthetics. Groos holds play to be an instinct developed by natural selection, and to be on a level with the other instincts which are developed for their utility. Its utility is, in the main, twofold: First, it enables the young animal to exercise himself beforehand in the strenuous and necessary functions of its life and so to be ready for their onset; and, second, it enables the animal by a general instinct to do many things in a playful way, and so to learn for itself much that would otherwise have to be inherited in the form of special instincts; this puts a premium on intelligence, which thus comes to replace instinct"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).

Animal behavior.

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"In this volume Professor Groos makes a contribution to three distinct but cognate departments of inquiry: philosophical biology, animal psychology, and the genetic study of art. The world of play, to which art belongs, stands in most important and interesting contrast with the stern realities of life; yet there are few scientific works in the field of human play, and none at all in that of animal play--a fact to be accounted for, probably, by the inherent difficulties of the subject, both objective and subjective. The animal psychologist must harbour in his breast not only two souls, but more; he must unite with a thorough training in physiology, psychology, and biology the experience of a traveller, the practical knowledge of the director of a zoological garden, and the outdoor lore of a forester. And even then he could not round up his labours satisfactorily unless he were familiar with the trend of modern aesthetics. Groos holds play to be an instinct developed by natural selection, and to be on a level with the other instincts which are developed for their utility. Its utility is, in the main, twofold: First, it enables the young animal to exercise himself beforehand in the strenuous and necessary functions of its life and so to be ready for their onset; and, second, it enables the animal by a general instinct to do many things in a playful way, and so to learn for itself much that would otherwise have to be inherited in the form of special instincts; this puts a premium on intelligence, which thus comes to replace instinct"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).

Animal behavior.

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From various quarters the suggestion has come to me to prepare a work on Comparative Psychology, as it was known that this subject has engaged my attention in no small measure for many years. In determining the form the work should take, I had to consider whether to re-cast all the material I had been accumulating for the last fifteen years, or republish what had already appeared in an almost unaltered form. It seemed to me that in the end the advancement of the subject would be best served by the latter course. While there may be some repetition in the papers that constitute the first part of the work, this will serve to emphasise the views that have been impressed more and more on one who has for ten years been in daily intimate association with animals, and a close and unprejudiced (as far as may be) observer of their life-ways. Unless I mistake, there is now an interest in the study of animals altogether unprecedented, and I hope to, see appear, within the next few years, accounts of researches which, in many respects, will be in advance of anything yet produced. It is largely with the view of stimulating such researches that I have concluded to publish the principal results of my own observations and thinkings up to the present time, in a form readily accessible to all who may be interested in such studies. The work is divisible into four parts. Part I consists of addresses, in which my own views of the subject are set forth. Part II of studies, largely practical, of two interesting states--feigning and hibernation. These are on the borderland between natural history and psychology, but must have special interest from whatever point of view regarded. Part III is a storehouse of reliable facts, from which each reader may draw his own conclusions. Part IV consists of discussions on a subject of considerable importance, as will be evident. This division of the work into parts rather than chapters permits of the reading of any one division of the work by those who may not desire to peruse the whole.

Animal intelligence. --- Psychology, Comparative.

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Animal ethology and ecology. Sociobiology --- Insects. Springtails

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Animal behavior. --- Animaux --- Moeurs et comportement.