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In recent years it has become much more accepted in Germany to consider aspects of the Second World War in which Germans were not perpetrators, but victims: the Allied bombing campaign, expulsions of 'ethnic' Germans, mass rapes of German women, and postwar internment and persecution. An explosion of literary fiction on these topics has accompanied this trend. Sebald's 'The Air War and Literature' and Grass's 'Crabwalk' are key texts, but there are many others; the great majority seek not to revise German responsibility for the Holocaust but to balance German victimhood and German perpetration. This book of essays is the first in English to examine closely the variety of these texts. An opening section on the 1950s - a decade of intense literary engagement with German victimhood before the focus shifted to German perpetration - provides context, drawing parallels but also noting differences between the immediate postwar period and today. The second section focuses on key texts written since the mid-1990s shifts in perspectives on the Nazi past, on perpetration and victimhood, on 'ordinary Germans,' and on the balance between historical empathy and condemnation. Contributors: Karina Berger, Elizabeth Boa, Stephen Brockmann, David Clarke, Mary Cosgrove, Rick Crownshaw, Helen Finch, Frank Finlay, Katharina Hall, Colette Lawson, Caroline Schaumann, Helmut Schmitz, Kathrin Schödel, and Stuart Taberner. Stuart Taberner is professor of contemporary German literature, culture, and society, and Karina Berger, B.A., M.St., is a Ph.D. candidate, both at the University of Leeds, UK.

German literature --- Germans in literature. --- Victims in literature. --- World War, 1939-1945 --- History and criticism. --- Literature and the war. --- History and criticism --- World War, 1939-1945, in literature --- 20th century. --- Allied Bombing Campaign. --- Allied bombing campaign. --- Balance. --- Contemporary Debates. --- Expulsions. --- German Literary Fiction. --- German Perpetration. --- German Responsibility. --- German Victimhood. --- German literary fiction. --- Holocaust. --- Internment. --- Mass Rapes. --- Persecution. --- Postwar Germany. --- Second World War. --- World War II. --- expulsions. --- internment. --- mass rapes. --- perpetration. --- persecution. --- victims.

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The history of Krupp is the history of modern Germany. No company symbolized the best and worst of that history more than the famous steel and arms maker. In this book, Harold James tells the story of the Krupp family and its industrial empire between the early nineteenth century and the present, and analyzes its transition from a family business to one owned by a nonprofit foundation. Krupp founded a small steel mill in 1811, which established the basis for one of the largest and most important companies in the world by the end of the century. Famously loyal to its highly paid workers, it rejected an exclusive focus on profit, but the company also played a central role in the armament of Nazi Germany and the firm's head was convicted as a war criminal at Nuremberg. Yet after the war Krupp managed to rebuild itself and become a symbol of Germany once again--this time open, economically successful, and socially responsible. Books on Krupp tend to either denounce it as a diabolical enterprise or celebrate its technical ingenuity. In contrast, James presents a balanced account, showing that the owners felt ambivalent about the company's military connection even while becoming more and more entangled in Germany's aggressive politics during the imperial era and the Third Reich. By placing the story of Krupp and its owners in a wide context, James also provides new insights into the political, social, and economic history of modern Germany.

Steel industry and trade --- History. --- Krupp family --- Fried. Krupp GmbH --- Friedrich Krupp GmbH --- Krupp (Firm) --- Krupp (Fried.) GmbH --- Krupp GmbH --- Fried. Krupp AG --- Alfred Krupp. --- Alfried Krupp. --- Bertha Krupp. --- Berthold Beitz. --- English steel. --- Friedrich Alfred Krupp. --- Friedrich Krupp. --- German Empire. --- German industrial culture. --- German industrial recovery. --- German steel industry. --- Germany. --- Gustav Krupp. --- Gustav von Bohlen. --- Helene Amalie Krupp. --- Kaiser Wilhelm II. --- Krupp company. --- Krupp directors. --- Krupp family. --- Krupp. --- Kruppianer. --- NIROSTA. --- Nazi Germany. --- Nazi policy. --- Nazism. --- Nuremberg trials. --- Therese Krupp. --- Third Reich. --- Wilhelmine Germany. --- Wilhelminism. --- World War I. --- World War II. --- armament. --- armaments. --- business development. --- business ethic. --- business expansion. --- business. --- corporate culture. --- demilitarization. --- diplomacy. --- economic depression. --- entrepreneur. --- entrepreneurship. --- family affairs. --- family business. --- financial crisis. --- financial incentives. --- globalization. --- interwar years. --- modern Germany. --- modernity. --- nationalist management. --- naval rearmament. --- political engagement. --- postwar Germany. --- profitability. --- rearmament. --- reinvention. --- social philosophy. --- steel industry. --- steel mill. --- steel production. --- war criminal. --- work ethics. --- History

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The Soldier and the Changing State is the first book to systematically explore, on a global scale, civil-military relations in democratizing and changing states. Looking at how armies supportive of democracy are built, Zoltan Barany argues that the military is the most important institution that states maintain, for without military elites who support democratic governance, democracy cannot be consolidated. Barany also demonstrates that building democratic armies is the quintessential task of newly democratizing regimes. But how do democratic armies come about? What conditions encourage or impede democratic civil-military relations? And how can the state ensure the allegiance of its soldiers? Barany examines the experiences of developing countries and the armed forces in the context of major political change in six specific settings: in the wake of war and civil war, after military and communist regimes, and following colonialism and unification/apartheid. He evaluates the army-building and democratization experiences of twenty-seven countries and explains which predemocratic settings are most conducive to creating a military that will support democracy. Highlighting important factors and suggesting which reforms can be expected to work and fail in different environments, he offers practical policy recommendations to state-builders and democratizers.

Armed Forces --- Civil-military relations --- Armed Services --- Military, The --- Military art and science --- Disarmament --- Military and civilian power --- Military-civil relations --- Executive power --- Sociology, Military --- Military government --- Reorganization --- 1947 Partition. --- Argentina. --- Bangladesh. --- Bosnia and Herzegovina. --- Botswana. --- British colonial rule. --- Chile. --- Cold War. --- El Salvador. --- European Union. --- Germany. --- Ghana. --- Greece. --- Guatemala. --- Hezbollah. --- Hungary. --- India independence. --- Indonesia. --- Japan. --- Lebanese Armed Forces. --- Lebanese civil war. --- NATO. --- Pakistan independence. --- Portugal. --- Portuguese civilЭilitary relations. --- Romania. --- Royal Thai Armed Forces. --- Russia. --- Russian military politics. --- Shi'a Islamist organization. --- Slovenia. --- South Africa. --- South Korea. --- Soviet Union. --- Spain. --- Spanish military. --- Tanzania. --- Territorial Defense Force. --- Thailand. --- Yemen. --- apartheid. --- armed forces. --- army building. --- authoritarianism. --- civil war. --- civilian control. --- civilЭilitary relations. --- civiЭilitary relations. --- colonialism. --- communism. --- communist regime. --- consolidated democracy. --- democracy. --- democratic armies. --- democratic army. --- democratic civilЭilitary relations. --- democratic control. --- democratic governance. --- democratic regimes. --- democratic transition. --- democratization. --- democratizing regimes. --- fascist dictatorship. --- formative moments. --- free elections. --- military dictators. --- military elites. --- military politics. --- military rule. --- party-state. --- political autonomy. --- political environments. --- political presence. --- postcommunism. --- postwar Germany. --- praetorian elites. --- praetorianism. --- regime change. --- reunification. --- single political entity. --- state formation. --- state transformation. --- state-builders. --- war.