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According to well-established views, language has several subsystems where each subsystem (e.g. syntax, morphology, phonology) operates on the basis of hierarchically organised units. When it comes to the graphematic structure of words, however, the received view appears to be that linear structure is all that matters. Contrary to this view, a sub-field of writing systems research emerges that can be called non-linear or supra-segmental graphematics. Drawing on parallels with supra-segmental phonology, supra-segmental graphematics claims the existence and relevance of cross-linguistically available building blocks, such as the syllable and the foot, in alphabetical writing systems, such as the writing systems of German and English. This book explores the graphematic hierarchy with a special focus on the unit foot. Structural, experimental and databased evidence is presented in favour of this approach. In addition, analyses within the optimality theory framework are offered. This work shows that the supra-segmental graphematic approaches are superior to linear ones with respect to explanatory strength and even preciseness of the description. It is thus interesting for academics concerned with writing systems and orthography teaching.

German language --- Ashkenazic German language --- Hochdeutsch --- Judaeo-German language (German) --- Judendeutsch language --- Judeo-German language (German) --- Jüdisch-Deutsch language --- Jüdischdeutsch language --- Germanic languages --- Graphemics --- E-books --- Graphemics. --- Foot. --- Graphematics. --- Hierarchical Structure. --- Syllable.

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Deep Learning. --- Precision Medicine. --- Patient-Specific Modeling. --- Decision Support Systems, Clinical. --- Clinical Decision Support --- Decision Support, Clinical --- Clinical Decision Support System --- Clinical Decision Support Systems --- Clinical Decision Supports --- Decision Supports, Clinical --- Support, Clinical Decision --- Supports, Clinical Decision --- Clinical Decision-Making --- Patient-Specific Computational Modeling --- Physiome --- Computational Modeling, Patient-Specific --- Modeling, Patient-Specific --- Patient Specific Computational Modeling --- Patient Specific Modeling --- Physiomes --- Models, Biological --- Precision Medicine --- P Health --- P-Health --- Personalized Medicine --- Theranostics --- Individualized Medicine --- Predictive Medicine --- Medicine, Individualized --- Medicine, Personalized --- Medicine, Precision --- Medicine, Predictive --- Theranostic --- Pharmacogenomic Variants --- Pharmacogenetics --- Patient-Specific Modeling --- Hierarchical Learning --- Learning, Deep --- Learning, Hierarchical --- Precision medicine --- Deep learning (Machine learning) --- Artificial intelligence --- Data processing. --- Medical applications.

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The world’s most revered and eloquent interpreter of evolutionary ideas offers here a work of explanatory force unprecedented in our time—a landmark publication, both for its historical sweep and for its scientific vision. With characteristic attention to detail, Stephen Jay Gould first describes the content and discusses the history and origins of the three core commitments of classical Darwinism: that natural selection works on organisms, not genes or species; that it is almost exclusively the mechanism of adaptive evolutionary change; and that these changes are incremental, not drastic. Next, he examines the three critiques that currently challenge this classic Darwinian edifice: that selection operates on multiple levels, from the gene to the group; that evolution proceeds by a variety of mechanisms, not just natural selection; and that causes operating at broader scales, including catastrophes, have figured prominently in the course of evolution. Then, in a stunning tour de force that will likely stimulate discussion and debate for decades, Gould proposes his own system for integrating these classical commitments and contemporary critiques into a new structure of evolutionary thought. In 2001 the Library of Congress named Stephen Jay Gould one of America’s eighty-three Living Legends—people who embody the “quintessentially American ideal of individual creativity, conviction, dedication, and exuberance.” Each of these qualities finds full expression in this peerless work, the likes of which the scientific world has not seen—and may not see again—for well over a century.

Evolution (Biology) --- Punctuated equilibrium (Evolution) --- Equilibrium, Punctuated (Evolution) --- Punctuated equilibria (Evolution) --- Punctuationalism (Evolution) --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- adaptation. --- anagenesis. --- competition. --- divergence. --- fossil record. --- genetics. --- germinal. --- hierarchical selection. --- homology. --- inheritance. --- lamarckism. --- mass extinction. --- micro v macroevolution. --- modern synthesis. --- neo darwinism. --- origin of species. --- paleontology. --- punctuated equilibrium. --- speciation. --- variation.

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Structural equation modeling. --- Analysis of covariance. --- Linear models (Statistics) --- Multilevel models (Statistics) --- Hierarchical linear models (Statistics) --- Mixed effects models (Statistics) --- Random coefficient models (Statistics) --- Variance component models (Statistics) --- Mathematical models --- Regression analysis --- Models, Linear (Statistics) --- Mathematical statistics --- Statistics --- Covariance analysis --- SEM (Structural equation modeling) --- Multivariate analysis --- Factor analysis --- Path analysis (Statistics) --- Structural equation modeling --- Analysis of covariance

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AA / International- internationaal --- 305.970 --- Algemeenheden: Autoregression and moving average representation. ARIMA. ARMAX. Lagrange multiplier. Wald. Function (mis) specification. Autocorrelation. Homoscedasticity. Heteroscedasticity. ARCH. GARCH. Integration and co-integration. Unit roots. --- Multilevel models (Statistics) --- Hierarchical linear models (Statistics) --- Mixed effects models (Statistics) --- Random coefficient models (Statistics) --- Variance component models (Statistics) --- Mathematical models --- Regression analysis --- Algemeenheden: Autoregression and moving average representation. ARIMA. ARMAX. Lagrange multiplier. Wald. Function (mis) specification. Autocorrelation. Homoscedasticity. Heteroscedasticity. ARCH. GARCH. Integration and co-integration. Unit roots