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Olivier Wieviorka’s history of the French Resistance debunks lingering myths and offers fresh insight into social, political, and military aspects of its operation. He reveals not one but many interlocking homegrown groups often at odds over goals, methods, and leadership. Yet, despite a lack of unity, these fighters braved Nazism without blinking.

World War, 1939-1945 --- Underground movements --- France --- History

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World War, 1939-1945 --- Underground movements --- Norway --- History

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Op het moment dat de Duitsers op 10 mei 1940 Nederland binnenvielen, wist christen en socialist J.H. Scheps precies wat hem te doen stond: de vijand weerstaan. Dat heeft Scheps ook op bijzondere wijze gedaan. Afkerig als hij was van het gebruik van geweld, geloofde hij slechts in de kracht van geestelijke weerbaarheid. Scheps liet zich daarbij leiden door het evangelie, het socialisme, de democratie en het positieve recht.In tal van spreekbeurten en brochures riep hij zijn landgenoten op tot dezelfde houding. Hij ging er tot het einde van de bezettingstijd mee door, ook in de periode 1944-1945

World War, 1939-1945 --- Underground movements. --- Scheps, J. H.

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World War, 1939-1945 --- Underground movements --- France --- History --- World War, 1939-1945 - Underground movements - France --- France - History - German occupation, 1940-1945

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Germany's 1941 seizure of Yugoslavia led to an insurgency as bloody as any in World War II. The Wehrmacht waged a brutal counter-insurgency campaign in response, and by 1943 German troops in Yugoslavia were engaged in operations that ranked among the largest of the entire European war. Their actions encompassed massive reprisal shootings, the destruction of entire villages, and huge mobile operations unleashed not just against insurgents but also against the civilian population believed to be aiding them. Terror in the Balkans explores the reasons behind the Wehrmacht's extreme security measures in southern and eastern Europe.Ben Shepherd focuses his study not on the high-ranking generals who oversaw the campaign but on lower-level units and their officers, a disproportionate number of whom were of Austrian origin. He uses Austro-Hungarian army records to consider how the personal experiences of many Austrian officers during the Great War played a role in brutalizing their behavior in Yugoslavia. A comparison of Wehrmacht counter-insurgency divisions allows Shepherd to analyze how a range of midlevel commanders and their units conducted themselves in different parts of Yugoslavia, and why. Shepherd concludes that the Wehrmacht campaign's violence was driven not just by National Socialist ideology but also by experience of the fratricidal infighting of Yugoslavia's ethnic groups, by conditions on the ground, and by doctrines that had shaped the military mindsets of both Germany and Austria since the late nineteenth century. He also considers why different Wehrmacht units exhibited different degrees of ruthlessness and restraint during the campaign.

World War, 1939-1945 --- Underground movements --- Germany. --- History --- Yugoslavia --- Norddeutscher Bund (1866-1870).