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Double-negative periphrastic litotes have been for nearly three centuries the usual way to express necessitive predicates in Japanese and Korean. These constructions do not, however, go back to the earliest stages of these languages and should not be invoked as evidence of a possible common origin. But Korean also has a double-affirmative periphrastic necessitive construction. Premodern Japanese has no overt counterpart to it, but it does have an auxiliary adjective that expresses necessity. I argue that this auxiliary was a grammaticalization of a periphrastic analogous in form and meaning to
Altaic languages --- Scythian languages --- Transeurasian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Grammaticalization. --- Grammar, Comparative. --- Morphology. --- Syntax.
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This volume offers an important contribution to the comparative historical study of languages. Most of the articles deal with topics concerning the Indo-European proto-language as well as the individual languages descended from it. Essays in Finno-Ugric philology complete the volume. The book is divided in 8 sections: I. Indo-European, II. Anatolian, III. Indic, IV. Iranian and Armenian, V. Celtic, VI. Germanic Languages, VII. Slavic and Albanian, VIII. Fennougrica and Altaica.
Indo-European languages --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Indo-European languages. --- Ural-Altaic languages. --- Scythian languages --- Turanian languages --- Altaic languages --- Samoyedic languages --- Aryan languages --- Indo-Germanic languages
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The paper reviews the data concerning the nominal inflectional morphology in the chain of languages comprising Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic, collectively termed "Ural-Altaic". Although nominal morphology has traditionally been quoted in support of the hypothesis concerning the genetic relationship of these languages, a more detailed survey of the data shows that the extant parallels are in various ways secondary and/or accidental. This suggests that Ural-Altaic is an areal and typological complex of languages, but not a genetic entity. On the other hand, it is also
Paradigm (Linguistics) --- Altaic languages --- Comparative linguistics --- Scythian languages --- Transeurasian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Paradigmatics (Linguistics) --- Substitution class (Linguistics) --- Linguistics --- Comparative philology --- Philology, Comparative --- Historical linguistics --- Morphology. --- Verb.
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The red thread which runs through this book is a quest for relative chronology of linguistic developments. The probability of a reconstruction can be judged against the background of the transitions which it implies for the linguistic system as a whole. The reconstructions are always bottom-up, never top-down. It follows that the chapters on Germanic can be read without reference to the Indo-European background and that the Indo-Uralic part of the book can be left out of consideration if one does not want to look beyond Proto-Indo-European. The initial chapters of the book offer an introduction to the background and methodology of the reconstructions with a discussion of the spread of the Indo-Europeans, the role of general linguistics in linguistic reconstruction, the nature of mixed languages, the origin of the Goths, the relations between Indo-European, Uralic and Caucasian languages, and the structure and development of Proto-Indo-European. The following chapters deal with the phonology and morphosyntax of Indo-European, Greek, Indo-Iranian and Tocharian. These are followed by a discussion of Germanic phonology, verb classes, verbal and nominal inflexion, and specific issues in English, German and Scandinavian languages. After a short treatment of Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic and Italo-Celtic topics, the volume is concluded with a discussion of Anatolian and Indo-Uralic phonology and morphosyntax. The book is of interest to students of Germanic, Indo-European and historical linguistics.
Germanic languages --- Indo-European languages --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Phonology. --- Scythian languages --- Turanian languages --- Sievers' law --- Verner's law --- Altaic languages --- Samoyedic languages --- Germanic languages. --- Indo-European languages. --- Uralic languages. --- Uralian languages --- Aryan languages --- Indo-Germanic languages --- Teutonic languages --- Uralic languages --- History. --- Grammar, Historical --- Phonology, Historical
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