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This groundbreaking, open access volume analyses and compares data practices across several fields through the analysis of specific cases of data journeys. It brings together leading scholars in the philosophy, history and social studies of science to achieve two goals: tracking the travel of data across different spaces, times and domains of research practice; and documenting how such journeys affect the use of data as evidence and the knowledge being produced. The volume captures the opportunities, challenges and concerns involved in making data move from the sites in which they are originally produced to sites where they can be integrated with other data, analysed and re-used for a variety of purposes. The in-depth study of data journeys provides the necessary ground to examine disciplinary, geographical and historical differences and similarities in data management, processing and interpretation, thus identifying the key conditions of possibility for the widespread data sharing associated with Big and Open Data. The chapters are ordered in sections that broadly correspond to different stages of the journeys of data, from their generation to the legitimisation of their use for specific purposes. Additionally, the preface to the volume provides a variety of alternative “roadmaps” aimed to serve the different interests and entry points of readers; and the introduction provides a substantive overview of what data journeys can teach about the methods and epistemology of research.

Philosophy of science --- History --- geschiedenis --- wetenschapsfilosofie --- Philosophy and science --- Big data --- Philosophy and science. --- History. --- Philosophy of Science. --- History of Science. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Philosophy of Science --- History of Science --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary --- Humanities and Social Sciences --- Big Data --- Data Epistemology --- Data Ethics --- Data Science --- Epistemology of Science --- Social Studies of Data --- Social Studies of Science --- Data Collection, Preparation and Reporting --- Data at the Large Hadron Collider --- Data Journeys in Medical Case Reports --- Data Ordering and Visualization --- Clustering Practices in Plant Phenomics --- Databases in Systems Biology --- Data access, Dissemination and Quality Assessment --- Methods for Climate Data Processing --- Data Journeys in Pharmaceutical Regulation --- Data Mixes in Big Data Linkage Practice --- Radiocarbon Dating and Robustness Reasoning in Archaeology --- Data from Objects to Assets --- Open Access --- History of science --- Interdisciplinary studies

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This study brings together ideas developed over many years in various lectures in an endeavour to clarify the concept of hermeneutic fore-structure of scientific research. The starting point of my investigations was the outline of an interp- tative approach to the constitution of science’s cognitive content. In the late 1970s I was preoccupied with a question that nowadays should be formulated as follows: Is it possible to claim a validity of the hermeneutic view of the “situatedness in a tradition” also for the natural sciences? I was convinced that the negative answer implies a self-defeating position. It states that in order to champion the (cultural) universality of hermeneutics, one has to profess the non-hermeneutic nature of the natural sciences. Paradoxically enough, this a- wer presupposes a sharp dividing line (between dialogical experience and monological research) in culture in order to stress the universality of hermeneutics. Long before the period of perestroika in my corner, I learned from Joseph Kockelmans, Patrick Heelan, and Theodore Kisiel how the universalization of hermeneutics can include the natural sciences without ignoring their cognitive specificity. Somewhat later, in the aftermath of the discussions over the “finalization of science”, I began to confront the view that it would be a kind of trivializing the struggle for a philosophical hermeneutics if the theory-observation nexus is treated as a specific hermeneutic circle. No doubt, the view is correct. I was, however, dissatisfied with the way of arguing for it.

Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Science --- Theory of knowledge --- wetenschappen --- filosofie --- epistomologie --- existentialisme --- Philosophy of science --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- epistemologists --- wetenschap --- Philosophy --- Hermeneutics --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Phenomenology --- Science and paradigm shift --- Epistemology --- Psychology --- Interpretation, Methodology of --- Criticism --- Philosophy, Modern --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Hermeneutics. --- Phenomenology. --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Science and paradigm shift. --- History. --- Phenomenology . --- Philosophy of Science. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- History of Science. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Philosophy and science. --- Science and philosophy

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Mature sciences have been long been characterized in terms of the “successfulness”, “reliability” or “trustworthiness” of their theoretical, experimental or technical accomplishments. Today many philosophers of science talk of “robustness”, often without specifying in a precise way the meaning of this term. This lack of clarity is the cause of frequent misunderstandings, since all these notions, and that of robustness in particular, are connected to fundamental issues, which concern nothing less than the very nature of science and its specificity with respect to other human practices, the nature of rationality and of scientific progress; and science’s claim to be a truth-conducive activity. This book offers for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the problem of robustness, and in general, that of the reliability of science, based on several detailed case studies and on philosophical essays inspired by the so-called practical turn in philosophy of science. Thanks to its rich thematic variety, the book is addressed to the entire science studies community: general philosophers of science, philosophers of physics, biology, cognitive sciences, historians, sociologists and anthropologists of science. As the authors carefully explain all the examples discussed in the book, only a general background of scientific knowledge is presupposed.

Science --- Philosophy --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Biological anthropology. Palaeoanthropology --- Engineering sciences. Technology --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- biologie --- wetenschap --- filosofie --- epistomologie --- wetenschappen --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Biology-Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Science. --- History of Science. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Philosophy of Technology. --- Philosophy of Biology. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Normal science --- Philosophy and science. --- Biology—Philosophy. --- Science and philosophy

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This handbook provides an in-depth exploration of the entire journey of postgraduate research in the social and behavioural sciences, from enrolment to its culmination in the form of a thesis, dissertation or portfolio, and beyond. It is written in an accessible and example-rich style, offering practical and concrete advice in virtually all areas. It also includes references to additional resources and websites, and each chapter features key recommendations for improving the postgraduate research experience. The book addresses not only research-related aspects (e.g. supervisors; selecting your guiding assumptions; contextualising, framing and configuring research; reviewing literature; sampling; writing proposals; ethics and academic integrity; selecting a data gathering strategy; surviving your thesis/dissertation/portfolio examination; and publishing), but also questions concerning how to integrate, manage, and balance the research journey in the context of the postgraduate student’s broader life-world (e.g. skill development and supervisor relations; effective time and project management; a healthy work–life balance; maintaining motivation; and dealing with criticism). The book adopts an explicitly pluralist perspective on postgraduate research, moving beyond mixed methods thinking, and offers concrete examples from postgraduate students’ real-world experiences. .

Study skills. --- Study Skills. --- Dissertations, Academic. --- Social sciences. --- Research Skills. --- Study and Learning Skills. --- Thesis and Dissertation. --- Popular Social Sciences. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Academic dissertations --- Programs, Academic --- Theses --- Thesis writing --- Universities and colleges --- Academic disputations --- How to study --- Learning, Art of --- Method of study --- Study, Method of --- Study methods --- Life skills --- Dissertations

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Transmission Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation presents the theory of image and contrast formation, and the analytical modes in transmission electron microscopy. The principles of particle and wave optics of electrons are described. Electron-specimen interactions are discussed for evaluating the theory of scattering and phase contrast. Also discussed are the kinematical and dynamical theories of electron diffraction and their applications for crystal-structure analysis and imaging of lattices and their defects. X-ray microanalysis and electron energy-loss spectroscopy are treated as analytical methods. Specimen damage and contamination by electron irradiation limits the resolution for biological and some inorganic specimens. This fifth edition includes discussion of recent progress, especially in the area of aberration correction and energy filtering; moreover, the topics introduced in the fourth edition have been updated. Transmission Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation is written for scientists and application engineers in fields such as physics, chemistry, mineralogy, materials science and biology. Researchers, students, and other users of a transmission electron microscope can also benefit from this text.

Physics. --- Applied Optics, Optoelectronics, Optical Devices. --- Cell Biology. --- Condensed Matter. --- Cytology. --- Condensed matter. --- Physical optics. --- Physique --- Cytologie --- Matière condensée --- Optique physique --- Transmission electron microscopy --- Microscopy --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Transmission electron microscopy. --- Electron microscopy. --- Science. --- Cell biology. --- Optics. --- Optoelectronics. --- Plasmons (Physics). --- Science, general. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Optics, Optoelectronics, Plasmonics and Optical Devices. --- Electron microscopy --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- New optics --- Optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids