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Belligerent Reprisals examines the historical developments in the law and practice relating to recourse to belligerent reprisals, as a (primitive) means of law enforcement in the hands of a party to an armed conflict, victim of a violation of the law of war at the hands of its enemy. As a legal concept, the notion means that the victim in turn violates a rule of the same body of the law of war, with the purpose of thus inducing the enemy to terminate its unlawful conduct. However, the enemy may in its turn denounce the so-called reprisal as an unlawful act of war and retaliate against it, thus setting in motion the ill-famed spiral of negative reciprocity. While early lawmakers refrained from taking up the issue, prohibitions of reprisals could be achieved in conventions adopted in 1929 and 1949 on the protection of the power of the enemy. In contrast, reprisals (or retaliatory conduct announced under that title without meeting the requisite conditions) were common practice in the conduct of hostilities, with civilians in non-occupied territory as the main victims. With major governments disinclined to give up this tool, the ban on reprisals against civilian populations ultimately accepted in the Protocols of 1977 Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 could only be hard-fought, and it remains contested to this day. First published in 1971, Belligerent Reprisals has become a classic work on this complex topic. The analysis of lawmaking and state practice it contains is as valid today as it was in the late 1970's, and elucidates the dilemmas inherent in the notion of belligerent reprisal, as a means of law enforcement that can go terribly wrong.

Reprisals. --- Belligerency. --- Belligerency --- Reprisals

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Looking beyond the events of the second intifada and 9/11, this book reveals how targeted killing is intimately embedded in both Israeli and United States statecraft, and in the problematic relationship between sovereign authority and lawful violence underpinning the modern state system. It details the legal and political issues raised in targeted killing as it has emerged in practice, including questions of domestic constitutional authority, the use of force in international law, the law of belligerent occupation, the law of targeting and human rights law. The distinctive nature of Israeli and United States targeted killing is analysed in terms of the compulsion of legality characteristic of liberal constitutionalism, a compulsion that demands the ability to distinguish between legal 'targeted killing' and extra-legal 'political assassination'. The effect is a highly legalised framework for the extraterritorial killing of designated terrorists that may significantly affect the international law of force.

Targeted killing --- Reprisals --- Intervention (International law) --- International criminal law --- Terrorism --- Preemptive attack (Military science) --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Prevention --- Government policy --- Law and legislation --- Targeted killing (International law) --- International law --- Targeted killing - Moral and ethical aspects --- Terrorism - Prevention - Government policy --- Terrorism - Prevention - Law and legislation --- Reprisals. --- International criminal law. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Government policy. --- Law and legislation. --- Anticipatory self-defense (Military science) --- Preemption (Military science) --- Preemptive strikes (Military science) --- Preemptive warfare --- Military art and science --- Strategy --- War on Terrorism, 2001-2009 --- Criminal law, International --- ICL (International criminal law) --- Criminal law --- Criminal jurisdiction --- International crimes --- Military intervention --- Diplomacy --- Neutrality --- Counter measures (International law) --- Countermeasures (International law) --- Embargo --- War, Maritime (International law) --- Preemptive killing --- State-sponsored killing --- Homicide

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International agencies --- International obligations --- Reprisals --- Organisations internationales --- Obligations internationales --- Représailles --- BPB1012 --- Organisation internationale --- Sanction internationale --- Internationale organisatie --- Internationale sanctie --- Ebooks --- Représailles --- internationale sanctie --- међународне санкције --- internationale Sanktion --- sancțiuni internaționale --- kansainvälinen pakote --- international sanctions --- mednarodne sankcije --- starptautiskas sankcijas --- sanzjonijiet internazzjonali --- nemzetközi szankciók --- международни санкции --- διεθνείς κυρώσεις --- international sanktion --- mezinárodní sankce --- sankcje międzynarodowe --- меѓународни санкции --- sanción internacional --- sanção internacional --- sanksione ndërkombëtare --- međunarodne sankcije --- sanzione internazionale --- medzinárodné sankcie --- tarptautinės sankcijos --- internationella sanktioner --- rahvusvaheline sanktsioon --- boicot --- 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organizácie --- medzinárodná asociácia --- amministrazione internazionale --- international offentlig administration --- διεθνής διοίκηση --- nemzetközi szerv --- internationale Behörde --- tarptautinė institucija --- меѓународно тело --- rahvusvaheline institutsioon --- nemzetközi igazgatás --- administratë ndërkombëtare --- association internationale --- mezinárodní svaz --- organism internațional --- mezinárodní instituce --- internationale Verwaltung --- institution internationale --- ente internazionale --- internationell institution --- administración pública internacional --- internationale Einrichtung --- shoqatë ndërkombëtare --- istituzione internazionale --- меѓународна унија --- internationale Institution --- instituição internacional --- mezinárodní asociace --- organismo internazionale --- výkonné orgány mezinárodní organizace --- medzinárodný orgán --- διεθνές θεσμικό όργανο --- institucion ndërkombëtar --- organisme international --- asociație internațională --- 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