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The Body of the Cross is a study of holy victims in Western Christian history and how the uses of their bodies in Christian thought led to the idea of the cross as a substitutionary sacrifice. Since its first centuries, Christianity has traded on the suffering of victims—martyrs, mystics, and heretics—as substitutes for the Christian social body. These victims secured holiness, either by their own sacred power or by their reprobation and rejection. Just as their bodies were mediated in eucharistic, social, and Christological ways, so too did the flesh of Jesus Christ become one of those holy substitutes. But it was only late in Western history that he took on the function of the exemplary victim.In tracing the story of this embodied development, The Body of the Cross gives special attention to popular spirituality, religious dissent, and the writing of women throughout Christian history. It examines the symbol of the cross as it functions in key moments throughout this history, including the parting of the ways of Judaism and Christianity, the gnostic debates, martyr traditions, and medieval affective devotion and heresy. Finally, in a Reformation era haunted by divine wrath, these themes concentrated in the unique concept that Jesus Christ died on the cross to absorb divine punishment for sin: a holy body and a rejected body in one.

Martyrdom --- Death --- Suffering --- Martyrs --- Martyrdom (Christianity) --- Christian martyrs --- Christianity. --- Christianity --- History. --- Religious aspects --- Christology. --- atonement. --- body. --- cross. --- heresy. --- martyrdom. --- religious violence. --- sacraments. --- saints.

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What is the meaning of the martyr’s sacrifice? Is it true that the martyr imitates Christ? After the “one and eternal” sacrifice of Jesus why are from time to time new (and often quite numerous) sacrifices necessary? What is the underlying concept concerning the divinity? How do these ideas survive in present times? These are the kind of questions behind the inquiries in this monograph. The author investigates martyrdom as a (voluntary) human sacrifice and wishes to demonstrate how human sacrifice has been turned into martyrdom. The two emblematic figures of this transformation are Iphigeneia and Isaac. Pesthy argues that all the peoples in the environment in which Christianity came into being are characterized by a very ambiguous and hypocritical attitude toward human sacrifice: while in theory they condemn it as barbarian and belonging to bygone times, in concrete cases they accept, admire and practice it. The same attitude survives in Christianity in which martyrs replace the human sacrifice of olden days: they are real sacrifices, not symbolical ones. Our feelings about martyrs can be very different: we may admire their unbending courage and heroism or be irritated by their stubbornness, or even feel disgusted at the fanaticism with which they strove for death. But whatever our feelings may be, we must admit that a very strong motivation is needed to accept voluntarily or even seek death (and, in the majority of cases, a very painful death at that).

Martyrdom --- Voluntary human sacrifice --- 235.3*7 --- 235.3*7 Martelaren --- Martelaren --- Sacrifice, Human (Voluntary) --- Human sacrifice --- Martyrdom (Christianity) --- Christian martyrs --- Christianity --- Voluntary human sacrifice. --- Christianity. --- Christianity, Early medieval, Martyrdom, Religion, Symbols.

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The Oratorian priest Antonio Gallonio (1556-1605) devoted his life to writing about saints. The thread running through his hagiographical oeuvre was renunciation of this world: humility, subservience and endurance. Yet he engaged with the expertise of lay people, jurists, physicians and engineers, so as to appeal to their interests and convert them. In order to emphasize how saints endured torture, healed disease and exercised piety rather than ingenuity, Gallonio ventured into those secular disciplines, even if he did not endorse them. This book surveys Gallonio’s published and unpublished works and his position in Roman society, to expose the tensions between a theocratic clergy and the self-assertion of skilled and scholarly professionals in the Italian Counter-Reformation.

Christian church history --- Christian hagiography. --- Martyrdom --- Church history. --- Hagiographie chrétienne --- Martyre --- Eglise --- Christianity --- History. --- Christianisme --- Histoire --- Gallonio, Antonio, --- Christian hagiography --- Church history --- History --- Hagiographie chrétienne --- Ecclesiastical history --- History, Church --- History, Ecclesiastical --- Death --- Suffering --- Martyrs --- Hagiography, Christian --- Hagiography --- Religious aspects --- Galloni, Ant. --- Galloni, Antonio, --- Martyrdom - Christianity - History --- Gallonio, Antonio --- Gallonio, Antonio, - -1605

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This book for the first time collects the various ancient accounts of the martydoms of Peter and Paul, which number more than a dozen, along with more than forty references to the martyrdoms from early Christian literature. At last a more complete picture of the traditions about the deaths of Peter and Paul is able to emerge.

Christian literature, Early --- Martyrdom --- History and criticism --- Christianity --- Paul, --- Peter, --- Death and burial --- Christianity. --- History and criticism. --- Death and burial. --- 235.3*7 --- 235.3 PAULUS --- 235.3 PETRUS --- 235.3*7 Martelaren --- Martelaren --- Martyrdom (Christianity) --- Christian martyrs --- Hagiografie--PAULUS --- Hagiografie--PETRUS --- Pavel, --- Pavol, --- Paulus von Tarsus, --- Paulos, --- Pōghos, --- Paweł, --- Paweł z Tarsu, --- Būlus, --- Pablo, --- Paulo de Tarso, --- Paolo di Tarso, --- Pál, --- Apostolos Paulos --- Saul, --- القديس بولس الرسول --- بولس، --- 사도바울 --- Cephas, --- Pedro, --- Petrus, --- Pietro, --- Simon Bar Jona, --- Simon Peter, --- Simon Petrus, --- Martyre --- Littérature chrétienne primitive --- Christianisme --- Histoire et critique --- Paulus, --- Pawełm --- Paulo, --- Paolo, --- Petrus --- Pierre --- Peter --- Christian literature, Early - History and criticism --- Martyrdom - Christianity --- Petrus ap. --- Paulus ap. --- Petrus et Paulus app. --- Paul, - the Apostle, Saint - Death and burial --- Peter, - the Apostle, Saint - Death and burial --- Paul, - the Apostle, Saint --- Peter, - the Apostle, Saint

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The Maccabean Martyrs, Jewish heroes from the era of the persecution of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, were incorporated into the IVth century Christian martyrology. Two Church Fathers, Gregory Nazianzen and John Chrysostom wrote panegyrics in their honour, which are studied and translated in this book. The first part shows how, since the beginning, the Church referred to these martyrs as biblical examples known through 2 and 4 Maccabees. The second part describes, through the eulogies of Gregory and John, the circumstances surrounding the creation of the Christian Feast. The third part analyzes the preaching built around the story of the Maccabean martyrs, where, following the 4 M model, Eleazar, the seven brothers and their mother are established as examples of virtue and asceticism for the edification of all Christians. The book investigates an original aspect of the cult of martyrs : the christianisation of jewish martyrs killed defending the Law, and sheds light on the sometimes contradictory preaching choices of Gregory and John to respond to the jewish roots of this cult. *** Les martyrs Maccabées, héros juifs de la persécution d’Antiochus IV Epiphane, furent intégrés dans le martyrologe chrétien au IVè siècle. À la même époque, en Orient, deux Pères de l’Eglise, Grégoire de Nazianze et Jean Chrysostome, ont prononcé des discours panégyriques en leur honneur, étudiés et traduits dans ce livre. La première partie montre comment, depuis l’origine, l’Eglise citait comme exemples bibliques ces martyrs connus par le Deuxième et le Quatrième livre des Maccabées . La deuxième partie décrit, au travers des panégyriques de Grégoire et de Jean, les circonstances qui ont marqué l’instauration de la fête chrétienne dédiée à ces martyrs. La troisième partie analyse la prédication adressée aux fidèles à partir de l’épisode maccabéen, Eléazar, les sept frères et leur Mère devenant, sur le modèle de 4 M, des exemples de vertus et d’ascèse proposés à l’imitation de tous. Le livre explore ainsi un aspect original du culte des martyrs, la christianisation de martyrs juifs morts pour la défense de la Loi, et met en lumière les choix de prédication, parfois opposés, de Grégoire et de Jean face à l’enracinement juif de ce culte.

Maccabees. --- Martyrdom --- Christianity --- History of doctrines --- Judaism --- History of doctrines. --- 222.9 --- 276 =75 GREGORIUS NAZIANZENUS --- 276 =75 JOANNES CHRYSOSTOMUS --- Makkabeeën --- Griekse patrologie--GREGORIUS NAZIANZENUS --- Griekse patrologie--JOANNES CHRYSOSTOMUS --- Gregory, --- John Chrysostom, --- Bible. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Maccabees --- Death --- Suffering --- Martyrs --- Asmoneans --- Hasmonaeans --- Hasmoneans --- Jews --- Judaism&delete& --- Religious aspects --- History --- Aranyszájú, János, --- Chrysostom, John, --- Chrysostomo, João, --- Chrysostomos, Iō. --- Chrysostomos, Johannes, --- Chrysostomus, Joannes, --- Crisostomo, Giovanni, --- Crisostomo, Juan, --- Crisostomus, Ioannes, --- Giovanni Boccadoro, --- Giovanni Crisostomo, --- Hōhan Oskiaban, --- Hovhan Oskeberan, --- Hovhannēs Oskeberan, --- Iō. --- Ioan Gură de Aur, --- Ioan Zlatoust, --- Ioann Zlatoust, --- Ioannes Crisostomus, --- Iōannēs ho Chrysostomos, --- Ivan Zolotoustyĭ, --- Jan Chryzostom, --- Ján Zlatoústy, --- Jean Bouche d'Or, --- Jean Chrysostome, --- Jehan Bouche d'Or, --- Joan Gojarti, --- Joannes Chrysostomus, --- Joannes Crisostomus, --- João Chrysostomo, --- Johannes Chrysostomus, --- Johannes Goldmund, --- John, --- Jovan Zlatoust, --- Juan Crisóstomo, --- Pseudo-Chrysostome, --- Pseudochrysostomus, --- Yoḥanes ʼAfa Warq, --- Yūḥannā al-Dhahabī al-Fam, --- Yūḥannā al-Fam al-Dhahabī, --- Yūḥannā Fam al-Dhahab, --- Zlatoust, Ioan, --- Zlatoust, Jovan, --- Zlatoústy, Ján, --- Ἰωάννης, --- Іван Золотоустий, --- يوحنا الذهبي الفم --- يوحنا فم الذهب، --- Bogoslov, Grigoriĭ, --- Bogoslov, Grigorije --- Grégoire, --- Gregor, --- Gregorio, --- Gregorio Nazianzeno, --- Grēgorios, --- Gregorios, --- Gregorius, --- Gregorius Nazianzenus, --- Gregory Nazianzen, --- Grigol, --- Grigorie, --- Grigoriĭ, --- Grigoriĭ Bogoslov, --- Ighrīghūriyūs, --- Nazianz, Gregor von, --- Nazianzen, Grigoriĭ, --- Nazianzenus, Gregorius, --- Nazianzus, Gregory of, --- Sfântul Grigorie, --- Богослов, Григорий, --- Григорий, --- Григорий Богослов, --- Γρηγόριος, --- Maccabees (Apocrypha) --- Grego., --- Nazian., Grego., --- Martyrdom - Christianity - History of doctrines - Early church, ca. 30-600. --- Martyrdom - Judaism - History of doctrines. --- Machabaei martyres