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What are the sacraments? For centuries, this question has elicited a lively discussion and among theologians, and a variety of answers that do anything but outline a unified belief concerning these fundamental ritual structures. In this volume, a group of renowned scholars map the theologies of sacraments offered by key Christian figures from the Early Church through the 21st century. Together, they provide a guide to the variety of views about sacraments found throughout Christianity, showcasing the variety of approaches to understanding the sacraments across the Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox faith traditions.

Sacraments --- History of doctrines --- History of doctrines.

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Since the twelfth century, theologians have found a counterfactual question irresistible: "If Adam had not sinned, would the Son have become incarnate?" In the latter half of the twentieth century, Hans Urs von Balthasar, Hans Küng, Gerhard Ludwig Müller, Karl Rahner, Karl Barth, Wolfhart Pannenburg, Jürgen Moltmann, and Robert Jenson all considered this question on the reason, or motive, for the incarnation. Nearly every case refers to the classic disagreement between those who follow Thomas Aquinas and those who follow John Duns Scotus. Though it is common to claim Thomas or Scotus as one's authority, the theological debates among which Thomas and Scotus developed their own positions remain largely neglected. This study fills that gap. If Adam Had Not Sinned is a study of the medieval debates over the motive for the incarnation from Anselm of Canterbury to John Duns Scotus. While the volume is primarily focused on thirteenth-century debates at the University of Paris, it also supplies necessary historical background to those debates. As a result, the larger context within which Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus developed their influential responses is detailed. This larger context permits an analysis that leads to the surprising claim, against widespread assumptions, that the responses given by Thomas and Scotus are substantially reconcilable.

Incarnation --- History of doctrines

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Im zweiten Band seiner umfassenden Post-Systematischen Theologie auf Basis einer phänomenbasierten, narrativen Ontologie behandelt Mühling das trinitarische Liebesabenteuer Gottes von der Gotteslehre bis zur Hamartio logie. Innerhalb des Liebesabenteuers werden die Differenz in Gott in Form seiner dreifachen Personalität, Gottes narrative Einheit und Gottes Werdensei genschaften behandelt. Der Schöpfungsweg behandelt Gottes Fähigkeit zur Schöpfung, creatio ex nihilo und creatio continuata, die Schöpfung als imago trinitatis, Kosmologie, wirkliche Möglichkeiten, Engel und Außerirdische sowie biologische Evolution. Die Anthropologie des menschlichen Werdens inmitten der Geschöpfe behandelt den Menschen als imago personalitatis, seinen ausgedehnten Geist und sein leibliches »Seelen«, Vernunft, Wille und Affektivität, den menschlichen Prozess des Humaning, die Erschöpflichkeit seiner Geschöpflichkeit und eine umfassende Explikation der Sünde als Ver-rücktheit des Menschen im geschaffenen Gewebe. Der Band schließt mit Überlegungen zu einem ökologischen Ethos der Geschöpflichkeit. Stets spie len interdisziplinäre Überlegungen, v.a. zwischen Theologie, Philosophie und den Naturwissenschaften, eine wichtige Rolle.

Creation --- History of doctrines.

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In A New Apophaticism Susannah Ticciati draws on Augustine to develop an apophatic theology for the twenty-first century. Shifting the focus away from the potential and failure of words to say something about God, the book suggests that the purpose of God-language is to transform human beings in their relationship with God. Augustine's doctrine of predestination is read, with the help of speech-act theory and the study of indexicals, for its power to effect redemptive change; and his De doctrina christiana is drawn upon for its semiotics. Together they make way for the hypothesis that God-language transforms human beings into better signs of God.

Negative theology --- Christianity --- History of doctrines --- Augustine, --- History of doctrines.

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God (Christianity) --- History of doctrines.