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The Anglo-Saxon period was crucial in the development of England's character: its language, and much of its landscape and culture, were forged in the period between the fifth and the eleventh centuries. Historians and archaeologists have long been fascinated by its regional variations, by the way in which different parts of the country displayed marked differences in social structures, settlement patterns, and field systems. In this controversial and wide-ranging study, the author argues that such differences were largely a consequence of environmental factors: of the influence of climate, soils and hydrology, and of the patterns of contact and communication engendered by natural topography. He also suggests that such environmental influences have been neglected over recent decades by generations of scholars who are embedded in an urban culture and largely divorced from the natural world; and that an appreciation of the fundamental role of physical geography in shaping human affairs can throw much new light on a number of important debates about early medieval society. The book will be essential reading for all those interested in the character of the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian settlements, in early medieval social and territorial organization, and in the origins of the England's medieval landscapes. Tom Williamson is Professor of Landscape History, University of East Anglia; he has written widely on landscape archaeology, agricultural history, and the history of landscape design.

Great Britain --- Grande-Bretagne --- History --- Historical geography. --- Histoire --- Géographie historique --- HISTORY / Medieval. --- Anglo-Saxon Period. --- Anglo-Saxon period. --- Early Medieval Society. --- Early medieval England. --- England. --- Field Systems. --- Geographical Features. --- Landscape. --- Natural Environment. --- Physical Geography. --- Regional Variations. --- Settlement Patterns. --- Social Structures. --- environment. --- field systems. --- geographical features. --- historical analysis. --- landscape. --- physical geography. --- settlement patterns. --- social structures. --- Land settlement --- Land tenure

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Early Spanish explorers in the late eighteenth century found springtime California covered with spectacular carpets of wildflowers from San Francisco to San Diego. Yet today, invading plant species have devastated this nearly forgotten botanical heritage. In this lively, vividly detailed work, Richard A. Minnich synthesizes a unique and wide-ranging array of sources-from the historic accounts of those early explorers to the writings of early American botanists in the nineteenth century, newspaper accounts in the twentieth century, and modern ecological theory-to give the most comprehensive historical analysis available of the dramatic transformation of California's wildflower prairies. At the same time, his groundbreaking book challenges much current thinking on the subject, critically evaluating the hypothesis that perennial bunchgrasses were once a dominant feature of California's landscape and instead arguing that wildflowers filled this role. As he examines the changes in the state's landscape over the past three centuries, Minnich brings new perspectives to topics including restoration ecology, conservation, and fire management in a book that will change our of view of native California.

Wild flowers --- Plant invasions --- Biological invasions --- Bio-invasions --- Bioinvasions --- Invasions, Biological --- Natural selection --- Population biology --- Wildflowers --- Flowers --- Plant succession --- Invasive plants --- biodiversity. --- botanicals. --- california history. --- california wildflowers. --- conservation. --- dramatic transformation. --- ecological theory. --- ecology. --- fire management. --- groundbreaking book. --- historical analysis. --- invasive plants. --- landscapes. --- minnich. --- native california plants. --- san diego. --- spanish explorer. --- wildfire. --- wildflower prairies.

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The complex relationship between masculinity and religion, as experienced in both the secular and ecclesiastical worlds, forms the focus for this volume, whose range encompasses the rabbis of the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmud, and moves via Carolingian and Norman France, Siena, Antioch, and high and late medieval England to the eve of the Reformation. Chapters investigate the creation and reconstitution of different expressions of masculine identity, from the clerical enthusiasts for marriage to the lay practitioners of chastity, from crusading bishops to holy kings. They also consider the extent to which lay and clerical understandings of masculinity existed in an unstable dialectical relationship, at times sharing similar features, at others pointedly different, co-opting and rejecting features of the other; the articles show this interplay to be more far more complicated than a simple linear narrative of either increasing divergence, or of clerical colonization of lay masculinity. They also challenge conventional historiographies of the adoption of clerical celibacy, of the decline of monasticism and the gendered nature of piety. Patricia Cullum is Head of History at the University of Huddersfield; Katherine J. Lewis is Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Huddersfield. Contributors: James G. Clark, P.H. Cullum, Kirsten A. Fenton, Joanna Huntington, Katherine J. Lewis, Matthew Mesley, Catherine Sanok, Michael L. Satlow, Rachel Stone, Jennifer D. Thibodeaux, Marita von Weissenberg

Clergy --- Masculinity --- Civilization, Medieval. --- Church history --- Clergé --- Masculinité --- Civilisation médiévale --- Eglise --- History --- Histoire --- Clergé --- Masculinité --- Civilisation médiévale --- History. --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- Masculinity (Psychology) --- Sex (Psychology) --- Men --- Antioch. --- Babylonian. --- Carolingian. --- Chastity. --- Clerical Enthusiasts. --- Clerical celibacy. --- Crusading Bishops. --- Ecclesiastical world. --- Ecclesiastical. --- Gender roles. --- Gendered Nature of Piety. --- Historical analysis. --- Holy Kings. --- Masculine Identity. --- Masculine identity. --- Medieval England. --- Medieval society. --- Middle Ages. --- Monasticism. --- Norman France. --- Palestinian Talmud. --- Rabbis. --- Reformation. --- Religious Men. --- Religious institutions. --- Religious masculinity. --- Religious practices. --- Secular world. --- Secular. --- Siena.

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Examination of texts concerning the vikings reveals much about their origin myth and legend.

Ethnology --- Scandinavians --- Nobility --- Noble class --- Noble families --- Nobles (Social class) --- Peerage --- Upper class --- Aristocracy (Social class) --- Titles of honor and nobility --- Ethnic identity --- History --- Great Britain --- England --- Kings and rulers. --- Kings and rulers --- Ethnic identity. --- History. --- Anglo-Saxon elites. --- Anglo-Saxon history. --- England. --- Norman elites. --- Norman history. --- Normandy. --- Scandinavian identity. --- Viking Age. --- Viking origins. --- Viking settlers. --- charters. --- cultural history. --- genealogies. --- hagiographies. --- historical analysis. --- historical identity. --- history. --- identity. --- medieval legends. --- national identity. --- origin myths. --- territorial change.

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This vividly detailed revisionist history exposes the underworld of the largest metropolis of the early modern Mediterranean and through it the entire fabric of a complex, multicultural society. Fariba Zarinebaf maps the history of crime and punishment in Istanbul over more than one hundred years, considering transgressions such as riots, prostitution, theft, and murder and at the same time tracing how the state controlled and punished its unruly population. Taking us through the city's streets, workshops, and houses, she gives voice to ordinary people--the man accused of stealing, the woman accused of prostitution, and the vagabond expelled from the city. She finds that Istanbul in this period remains mischaracterized--in part by the sensational and exotic accounts of European travelers who portrayed it as the embodiment of Ottoman decline, rife with decadence, sin, and disease. Linking the history of crime and punishment to the dramatic political, economic, and social transformations that occurred in the eighteenth century, Zarinebaf finds in fact that Istanbul had much more in common with other emerging modern cities in Europe, and even in America.

Crime --- Punishment --- History --- 18th century. --- civic. --- crime historians. --- crime history. --- crime. --- criminals. --- criminology. --- early modern history. --- economic history. --- government and governing. --- historians. --- historical analysis. --- istanbul. --- mediterranean. --- middle east scholars. --- middle east. --- multicultural society. --- murder. --- nonfiction. --- political history. --- prostitution. --- retrospective. --- revisionist history. --- riots. --- social change. --- social sciences. --- theft. --- transgressions. --- turkey. --- turkish society. --- world history. --- History. --- History of the law --- History of Southern Europe --- anno 1700-1799 --- Istanbul [city]