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In the interwar years, international lawyer James Brown Scott wrote a series of works on the history of his discipline. He made the case that the foundation of modern international law rested not, as most assumed, with the seventeenth-century Dutch thinker Hugo Grotius, but with sixteenth-century Spanish theologian Francisco de Vitoria. Far from being an antiquarian assertion, the Spanish origin narrative placed the inception of international law in the context of the discovery of America, rather than in the European wars of religion. The recognition of equal rights to the American natives by Vitoria was the pedigree on which Scott built a progressive international law, responsive to the rise of the United States as the leading global power and developments in international organization such as the creation of the League of Nations. 0This book describes the Spanish origin project in context, relying on Scott's biography, changes in the self-understanding of the international legal profession, as well as on larger social and political trends in US and global history. Keeping in mind Vitoria's persisting role as a key figure in the canon of international legal history, the book sheds light on the contingency of shared assumptions about the discipline and their unspoken implications. The legacy of the international law Scott developed for the American century is still with the profession today, in the shape of the normalization and de-politicization of rights language and of key concepts like equality and rule of law.

International law --- History. --- Scott, James Brown, --- Vitoria, Francisco de, --- Francisco de Vitoria, --- Victoria, Francisco de, --- Francisco, --- Franziscus, --- Franzisco, --- Franciscus, --- De Vitoria, Francisco, --- Vittoria, Francisco de, --- History --- International law - History --- Scott, James Brown, - 1866-1943 --- Vitoria, Francisco de, - 1486?-1546

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International law --- Legal theory and methods. Philosophy of law --- Vitoria, de, Francisco --- Colloques --- Colloquia --- De Vitoria, F. --- Droit international --- Internationaal recht --- Congresses --- Congrès --- Vitoria, Francisco de --- 341 <09> --- 341 --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law --- Internationaal recht: geschiedenis --- 341 <09> Internationaal recht: geschiedenis --- Congrès --- Vitoria, Francisco de, --- Francisco de Vitoria, --- Victoria, Francisco de, --- Francisco, --- Franziscus, --- Franzisco, --- Franciscus, --- De Vitoria, Francisco, --- Vittoria, Francisco de, --- Contributions in philosophy of law

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This is a book about the theory of the city or commonwealth, what would come to be called the state, in early modern natural law discourse. Annabel Brett takes a fresh approach by looking at this political entity from the perspective of its boundaries and those who crossed them. She begins with a classic debate from the Spanish sixteenth century over the political treatment of mendicants, showing how cosmopolitan ideals of porous boundaries could simultaneously justify the freedoms of itinerant beggars and the activities of European colonists in the Indies. She goes on to examine the boundaries of the state in multiple senses, including the fundamental barrier between human beings and animals and the limits of the state in the face of the natural lives of its subjects, as well as territorial frontiers. Drawing on a wide range of authors, Brett reveals how early modern political space was constructed from a complex dynamic of inclusion and exclusion. Throughout, she shows that early modern debates about political boundaries displayed unheralded creativity and virtuosity but were nevertheless vulnerable to innumerable paradoxes, contradictions, and loose ends. Changes of State is a major work of intellectual history that resonates with modern debates about globalization and the transformation of the nation-state.

Politische Philosophie. --- Naturrecht. --- Nature and civilization. --- Natural law. --- State, The. --- Political science --- State, The --- Political philosophy --- Administration --- Commonwealth, The --- Sovereignty --- Law of nature (Law) --- Natural rights --- Nature, Law of (Law) --- Rights, Natural --- Law --- Civilization and nature --- Civilization --- Philosophy. --- History. --- History of theories --- Commonwealth. --- Geschichte. --- Aristotelian thinking. --- Catholic scholastic tradition. --- Domingo de Soto. --- European states. --- Francisco de Vitoria. --- Leviathan. --- Peace of Westphalia. --- Protestant jurists. --- Protestant natural law. --- Spanish School of Salamanca. --- Thomas Aquinas. --- Thomas Hobbes. --- alterity. --- animal behavior. --- anti-Aristotelian. --- body politic. --- city. --- civil law. --- civil liberty. --- civil war. --- commonwealth. --- dominium. --- early modern politics. --- external movement. --- free agency. --- freedom. --- globalization. --- human agency. --- human beings. --- human will. --- individual agency. --- juridical entity. --- law of humanity. --- law. --- legal humanist thinking. --- local motion. --- locomotion. --- moral philosophy. --- nation-state. --- natural body. --- natural faculty. --- natural law discourse. --- natural law. --- natural liberty. --- natural mastery. --- natural slavery. --- natural slaves. --- natural world. --- obligation. --- order. --- physical movement. --- place. --- political boundaries. --- political literature. --- political space. --- porous boundary. --- sociability. --- spatial location. --- state. --- subjects. --- theological differences. --- traveler. --- unity.