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Bahrain --- Kuwait --- Oman --- Population --- Economic aspects. --- Economic conditions. --- Sultanate of Oman --- ʻUmān (Sultanate) --- Salṭanat ʻUmān --- Muscat --- Mascate --- عمان --- سلطنة عُمان --- オマーン --- オーマン --- Muscat and Oman --- Bakhreĭn --- Aval Island --- Baḥrayn --- Bahrein --- Dilmun --- Dawlat al Baḥrayn --- State of Bahrain --- بحرين --- Bahreyn --- Kingdom of Bahrain --- مملكة البحرين‎ --- Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn --- Bahreyin --- Бахрэйн --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Karaleŭstva Bakhrėĭn --- Бахрейн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Kralstvo Bakhreĭn --- Bahrajn --- Bahrajnské království --- Bahreini Kuningriik --- Μπαχρέιν --- Bachrein --- Βασίλειο του Μπαχρέιν --- Vasileio tou Bachrein --- Baréin --- Reino de Baréin --- Barejno --- Reĝlando de Barejno --- Bahraingo Erresuma --- Royaume de Bahreïn --- De Barein --- Ríocht Bhairéin --- Bairéin --- Tylos --- البحرين --- al-Baḥrayn --- バーレーン --- Bārēn --- בחרין --- Koweit --- Kuwayt --- Kuvayt --- Kuveĭt --- Dowlat al Kuwait --- Dawlat al-Kuwayt --- State of Kuwait --- E-books --- Bahreïn --- Koweït --- Conditions économiques --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Бахрэйн --- Бахрейн

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In City of Strangers, Andrew M. Gardner explores the everyday experiences of workers from India who have migrated to the Kingdom of Bahrain. Like all the petroleum-rich states of the Persian Gulf, Bahrain hosts an extraordinarily large population of transmigrant laborers. Guest workers, who make up nearly half of the country's population, have long labored under a sponsorship system, the kafala, that organizes the flow of migrants from South Asia to the Gulf states and contractually links each laborer to a specific citizen or institution.In order to remain in Bahrain, the worker is almost entirely dependent on his sponsor's goodwill. The nature of this relationship, Gardner contends, often leads to exploitation and sometimes violence. Through extensive observation and interviews Gardner focuses on three groups in Bahrain: the unskilled Indian laborers who make up the most substantial portion of the foreign workforce on the island; the country's entrepreneurial and professional Indian middle class; and Bahraini state and citizenry. He contends that the social segregation and structural violence produced by Bahrain's kafala system result from a strategic arrangement by which the state insulates citizens from the global and neoliberal flows that, paradoxically, are central to the nation's intended path to the future.City of Strangers contributes significantly to our understanding of politics and society among the states of the Arabian Peninsula and of the migrant labor phenomenon that is an increasingly important aspect of globalization.

SOCIAL SCIENCE --- Sociology / General --- Foreign workers, East Indian --- East Indians --- Ethnology --- Business & Economics --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Violence against --- India --- Bahrain --- Emigration and immigration. --- Ethnic relations. --- Asian Indians --- Indians, East --- Indic peoples --- Alien labor, East Indian --- East Indian foreign workers --- Bakhreĭn --- Aval Island --- Baḥrayn --- Bahrein --- Dilmun --- Dawlat al Baḥrayn --- State of Bahrain --- بحرين --- Bahreyn --- Kingdom of Bahrain --- مملكة البحرين‎ --- Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn --- Bahreyin --- Бахрэйн --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Karaleŭstva Bakhrėĭn --- Бахрейн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Kralstvo Bakhreĭn --- Bahrajn --- Bahrajnské království --- Bahreini Kuningriik --- Μπαχρέιν --- Bachrein --- Βασίλειο του Μπαχρέιν --- Vasileio tou Bachrein --- Baréin --- Reino de Baréin --- Barejno --- Reĝlando de Barejno --- Bahraingo Erresuma --- Royaume de Bahreïn --- De Barein --- Ríocht Bhairéin --- Bairéin --- Tylos --- البحرين --- al-Baḥrayn --- バーレーン --- Bārēn --- בחרין --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Бахрэйн --- Бахрейн --- Indians (India)

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This study details how the reform movements and attempts to establish parliamentary institutions in the Persian Gulf states of Kuwait, Bahrain, and Dubai between the First World War and the independent era of the 1970's represented a milestone in the history of the region, creating a legacy for future generations, but was a unique transition in the Arab world. An important work to understanding the history of the Persian Gulf states, the book illustrates how, as this new political and social order evolved, ideas of national struggle and national rights penetrated Gulf societies. Gulf citizens w

Political culture --- Tribal government --- Social contract --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Social change --- Culture politique --- Gouvernement tribal --- Contrat social --- Elite (Sciences sociales) --- Changement social --- History --- Histoire --- Bahrain --- Kuwait --- Dubayy (United Arab Emirates : Emirate) --- Persian Gulf States --- Bahreïn --- Koweït --- Dubayy (Emirats arabes unis : Emirat) --- Etats du golfe Persique --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Social compact --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Political science --- Sociology --- Sovereignty --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Leadership --- Power (Social sciences) --- Social classes --- Social groups --- Tribes --- Culture --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- al-Baḥrayn --- Aval Island --- Bachrein --- Bahraingo Erresuma --- Bahrajn --- Bahrajnské království --- Baḥrayn --- Bahrein --- Bahreini Kuningriik --- Bahreyin --- Bahreyn --- Bairéin --- Bakhreĭn --- Baréin --- Barejno --- Bārēn --- Dawlat al Baḥrayn --- De Barein --- Dilmun --- Karaleŭstva Bakhrėĭn --- Kingdom of Bahrain --- Kralstvo Bakhreĭn --- Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn --- Reĝlando de Barejno --- Reino de Baréin --- Ríocht Bhairéin --- Royaume de Bahreïn --- State of Bahrain --- Tylos --- Vasileio tou Bachrein --- Μπαχρέιν --- Βασίλειο του Μπαχρέιν --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Бахрэйн --- Бахрейн --- בחרין --- البحرين --- بحرين --- مملكة البحرين‎ --- バーレーン --- Koweit --- Kuwayt --- Kuvayt --- Kuveĭt --- Dowlat al Kuwait --- Dawlat al-Kuwayt --- State of Kuwait --- Dubai (United Arab Emirates : Emirate) --- Dibai (United Arab Emirates : Emirate) --- Dubai --- Imārat Dubayy (United Arab Emirates) --- State of Dubai (United Arab Emirates) --- Sheikhdom of Dubai (United Arab Emirates) --- Shaikhdom of Dubai (United Arab Emirates) --- Debei (United Arab Emirates : Emirate) --- Debai (United Arab Emirates : Emirate) --- دبي (United Arab Emirates : Emirate) --- Emirate of Dubai (United Arab Emirates) --- إمارة دبيّ‎ (United Arab Emirates)

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The oil-producing states of the Arab Gulf are said to sink or swim on their capacity for political appeasement through economic redistribution. Yet, during the popular uprisings of the Arab Spring, in Bahrain and all across the Arab Gulf, ordinary citizens showed an unexpected enthusiasm for political protest directed against governments widely assumed to have co-opted their support with oil revenues. Justin Gengler draws on the first-ever mass political survey in Bahrain to demonstrate that neither is the state willing to offer all citizens the same bargain, nor are all citizens willing to ac

Social conflict --- Political participation --- Citizen participation --- Community action --- Community involvement --- Community participation --- Involvement, Community --- Mass political behavior --- Participation, Citizen --- Participation, Community --- Participation, Political --- Political activity --- Political behavior --- Political rights --- Social participation --- Political activists --- Politics, Practical --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- Conflict management --- Bahrain --- Persian Gulf Region --- Politics and government. --- Dependency on foreign countries. --- Conflict control --- Conflict resolution --- Dispute settlement --- Management of conflict --- Managing conflict --- Management --- Negotiation --- Problem solving --- Crisis management --- al-Baḥrayn --- Aval Island --- Bachrein --- Bahraingo Erresuma --- Bahrajn --- Bahrajnské království --- Baḥrayn --- Bahrein --- Bahreini Kuningriik --- Bahreyin --- Bahreyn --- Bairéin --- Bakhreĭn --- Baréin --- Barejno --- Bārēn --- Dawlat al Baḥrayn --- De Barein --- Dilmun --- Karaleŭstva Bakhrėĭn --- Kingdom of Bahrain --- Kralstvo Bakhreĭn --- Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn --- Reĝlando de Barejno --- Reino de Baréin --- Ríocht Bhairéin --- Royaume de Bahreïn --- State of Bahrain --- Tylos --- Vasileio tou Bachrein --- Μπαχρέιν --- Βασίλειο του Μπαχρέιν --- Каралеўства Бахрэйн --- Кралство Бахрейн --- Бахрэйн --- Бахрейн --- בחרין --- البحرين --- بحرين --- مملكة البحرين‎ --- バーレーン