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Nose reconstructions have been common in India for centuries. South Korea, Brazil, and Israel have become international centers for procedures ranging from eyelid restructuring to buttock lifts and tummy tucks. Argentina has the highest rate of silicone implants in the world. Around the globe, aesthetic surgery has become a cultural and medical fixture. Sander Gilman seeks to explain why by presenting the first systematic world history and cultural theory of aesthetic surgery. Touching on subjects as diverse as getting a "nose job" as a sweet-sixteen birthday present and the removal of male breasts in seventh-century Alexandria, Gilman argues that aesthetic surgery has such universal appeal because it helps people to "pass," to be seen as a member of a group with which they want to or need to identify. Gilman begins by addressing basic questions about the history of aesthetic surgery. What surgical procedures have been performed? Which are considered aesthetic and why? Who are the patients? What is the place of aesthetic surgery in modern culture? He then turns his attention to that focus of countless human anxieties: the nose. Gilman discusses how people have reshaped their noses to repair the ravages of war and disease (principally syphilis), to match prevailing ideas of beauty, and to avoid association with negative images of the "Jew," the "Irish," the "Oriental," or the "Black." He examines how we have used aesthetic surgery on almost every conceivable part of the body to try to pass as younger, stronger, thinner, and more erotic. Gilman also explores some of the extremes of surgery as personal transformation, discussing transgender surgery, adult circumcision and foreskin restoration, the enhancement of dueling scars, and even a performance artist who had herself altered to resemble the Mona Lisa. The book draws on an extraordinary range of sources. Gilman is as comfortable discussing Nietzsche, Yeats, and Darwin as he is grisly medical details, Michael Jackson, and Barbra Streisand's decision to keep her own nose. The book contains dozens of arresting images of people before, during, and after surgery. This is a profound, provocative, and engaging study of how humans have sought to change their lives by transforming their bodies.

Body image --- Surgery, Plastic --- Social aspects. --- Complications. --- Complications and sequelae --- Admiration. --- Aesthetics. --- African Americans. --- Analogy. --- Anecdote. --- Anesthesia. --- Antiseptic. --- Attractiveness. --- Ayurveda. --- Beauty. --- Body image. --- Bra size. --- Brachioplasty. --- Breast. --- Buttock augmentation. --- Buttocks. --- Caricature. --- Cartilage. --- Centrality. --- Cheek. --- Chin augmentation. --- Cleanliness. --- Clothespin. --- Clothing. --- Cosmetics. --- Credential. --- Credentialing. --- Cultural capital. --- Culture of India. --- Direct experience. --- Disease. --- Earlobe. --- Efficacy. --- Eloquence. --- Enthusiasm. --- Evocation. --- Excess skin. --- Face powder. --- Face. --- Family income. --- Female. --- Foreskin restoration. --- Foreskin. --- Granulation tissue. --- Greatness. --- Hair transplantation. --- Hairstyle. --- Health professional. --- High Art. --- High Renaissance. --- Human nose. --- Human physical appearance. --- Human skin color. --- Human spirit. --- Human tooth. --- Humanism. --- Humorism. --- Humour. --- Hygiene. --- I Wish (manhwa). --- Idealization. --- Invention. --- Keloid. --- Kiss. --- Lighting. --- Local anesthesia. --- Lorenz Oken. --- Middle class. --- Modernity. --- Moral imperative. --- Narrative. --- Parody. --- Peaceful coexistence. --- Penis. --- Physical attractiveness. --- Physician. --- Plastic surgery. --- Popularity. --- Positive liberty. --- Projective identification. --- Real Body. --- Recreation. --- Scalp. --- Scholasticism. --- Self-consciousness. --- Sensibility. --- Seriousness. --- Sincerity. --- Social order. --- Social reality. --- Social status. --- Sophistication. --- Superficiality. --- Swaddling. --- Syphilis. --- The Human Face. --- The Mask. --- Theory of justification. --- Thigh. --- Understanding.

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Inleiding: Situering van het onderzoek in de economische theorieën omtrent de vennootschap en de positie van de aandeelhouders 
Deel 1: Beschrijvende analyse van de aandeelhouders-structuur, de aandeelhoudersconcentratie en de controle van beursgenoteerde Europese vennootschappen 
Deel 2: Empirische analyse van de aandeelhoudersconcentratie van beursgenoteerde Europese vennootschappen.


Company law. Associations --- Financial law --- European Union --- 347.73 --- 347.72 --- 336.763.2 <4> --- 336.7 --- 347.72 <493> --- 336.761 <493> --- beurs --- aandelen --- aandeelhouders --- controle --- vennootschappen --- belgie --- europa --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 333.633 --- 347.728.3 --- 347.720.3 --- U38 - Société cotée - Genoteerde vennootschap --- Financieel recht. Commerciele organisatie. Handelsinstellingen --- Handelsvennootschappen: statuut, aandeelhouder, patrimonium, inbreng, winst en verlies, algemene vergadering, raad van beheer, toezicht. Vennootschaprecht --- Stocks and shares. Dividend-bearing stock--Europa --- Geldwezen. Kredietwezen. Bankwezen. Financien. Monetaire econonomie. Beurswezen --- bourse --- actions --- actionnaires --- contrôle --- societes --- belgique --- europe --- Aandelen. --- Aandelen. Rechten en vertegenwoordiging van de aandeelhouders. --- Vennoten. Aandeelhouders. Toelating, terugtrekking en uitsluiting. Verantwoordelijkheden. --- 336.7 Geldwezen. Kredietwezen. Bankwezen. Financien. Monetaire econonomie. Beurswezen --- 336.763.2 <4> Stocks and shares. Dividend-bearing stock--Europa --- 347.72 Handelsvennootschappen: statuut, aandeelhouder, patrimonium, inbreng, winst en verlies, algemene vergadering, raad van beheer, toezicht. Vennootschaprecht --- 347.73 Financieel recht. Commerciele organisatie. Handelsinstellingen --- Aandelen --- Aandelen. Rechten en vertegenwoordiging van de aandeelhouders --- Vennoten. Aandeelhouders. Toelating, terugtrekking en uitsluiting. Verantwoordelijkheden --- DROIT COMMERCIAL --- SOCIETES COMMERCIALES --- NULLITE --- AUGMENTATION DE CAPITAL --- REDUCTION DE CAPITAL --- DIRIGEANT D'ENTREPRISE --- SOCIETE ANONYME (SA) --- SOCIETE PRIVEE A RESPONSABILITE LIMITEE (SPRL) --- SOCIETE COOPERATIVE A RESPONSABILITE LIMITEE (SCRL) --- CONTROLE DES COMPTES --- GROUPEMENTS --- RESPONSABILITE CIVILE --- RESPONSABILITE DES ADMINISTRATEURS --- RESPONSABILITE DES GERANTS --- MARCHES FINANCIERS --- DROIT FINANCIER --- ASSEMBLEE GENERALE --- COTATION BOURSIERE --- SOCIETES COTEES EN BOURSE --- ACTIONNAIRES