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When it was first developed, the cochlear implant was hailed as a "miracle cure" for deafness. That relatively few deaf adults seemed to want it was puzzling. The technology was then modified for use with deaf children, 90 percent of whom have hearing parents. Then, controversy struck as the Deaf community overwhelmingly protested the use of the device and procedure. For them, the cochlear implant was not viewed in the context of medical progress and advances in the physiology of hearing, but instead represented the historic oppression of deaf people and of sign languages. Part ethnography and part historical study, The Artificial Ear is based on interviews with researchers who were pivotal in the early development and implementation of the new technology. Through an analysis of the scientific and clinical literature, Stuart Blume reconstructs the history of artificial hearing from its conceptual origins in the 1930's, to the first attempt at cochlear implantation in Paris in the 1950's, and to the widespread clinical application of the "bionic ear" since the 1980's.

Hearing Impaired Persons --- Health Policy. --- Cochlear Implants --- Cochlear implants --- Cochlear stimulators --- Electrode implantation, Intracochlear --- Implantation, Intracochlear electrode --- Implants, Cochlear --- Intracochlear electrode implantation --- Stimulators, Cochlear --- Cochlea --- Electric stimulation --- Hearing aids --- Implants, Artificial --- Prosthesis --- Healthcare Policy --- National Health Policy --- Health Policies --- Health Policy, National --- Healthcare Policies --- National Health Policies --- Policy, Health --- Policy, Healthcare --- Policy, National Health --- Policy Making --- Hearing Disabled Persons --- Deaf Persons --- Hard of Hearing Persons --- Deaf Person --- Disabled Persons, Hearing --- Hearing Disabled Person --- Hearing Impaired Person --- Person, Deaf --- Person, Hearing Disabled --- Person, Hearing Impaired --- Persons, Deaf --- Persons, Hearing Disabled --- Persons, Hearing Impaired --- Hearing Disorders --- Deaf-Blind Disorders --- psychology. --- History. --- Social aspects. --- Surgery --- Geschichte 1950-2010 --- Geschichte 1930-2010 --- Psychology. --- Geschichte 1950-2010.

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Mass vaccination campaigns are political projects that presume to protect individuals, communities, and societies. Like other pervasive expressions of state power - taxing, policing, conscripting - mass vaccination arouses anxiety in some people but sentiments of civic duty and shared solidarity in others. This collection of essays gives a comparative overview of vaccination at different times, in widely different places and under different types of political regime. Core themes in the chapters include immunisation as an element of state formation; citizens' articulation of seeing (or not seeing) their needs incorporated into public health practice; allegations that donors of development aid have too much influence on third-world health policies; and an ideological shift that regards vaccines more as profitable commodities than as essential tools of public health. Above all the essays suggest immunisation offers a novel lens through which to view changes in concepts of 'society' and 'nation' over time.

Gesundheitspolitik --- Impfung --- Vaccination. --- Vaccines --- Health planning --- Vaccination --- history. --- Law and legislation. --- History. --- Vaccins --- Medical laws and legislation --- Biologicals --- Communicable diseases --- Inoculation --- Preventive inoculation --- Immunization --- Anti-vaccination movement --- Prevention --- History --- Histoire --- Histoire. --- Medicine --- Social and Cultural History --- Immunisation --- Public Health --- Polio --- Thorium --- History of medicine. --- MEDICAL / History. --- Medicine & Nursing --- Political aspects. --- Medicine: general issues