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"Thinking about openness and implementing openness in our attitudes and actions have considerable bearing on our conception of ourselves as translators or researchers. Openness indeed questions the very role of translated texts, multilingual translation resources, the ethics of translators, their professional behavior, the self-conception of academics and researchers, as well as the role and availability of research results in society. It therefore constitutes one of the most stimulating challenges that the world of professional translation and translation studies have yet faced.The contributions to this volume review some of these topics in three thematic sections: the first and most substantial part deals with the concept of openness in ICT (open data, open tools, open computer systems, and quality evaluation of open software), the middle part is concerned with translators training and the use of open software, and the last part discusses openness in academia on the ­basis of the concepts of a Scientist 2.0 and Digital Scholarship. An exhaustive list of ­references covering the topic is given as an appendix, as well as a keyword ­index."

Language --- Computing & information technology --- Translation --- Translationswissenschaft --- Sprache --- Electrical engineering --- Number --- Open data --- Open-source software --- Research --- Zero sharp

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Sustainable Life on Land, the fifteenth UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 15), calls for the protection, restoration and promotion of the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems. Among others, it requires societies to sustainably manage forests, halt and reverse land degradation, combat desertification, and halt biodiversity loss. Despite the fact that protection of terrestrial ecosystems is on the rise worldwide and forest loss has slowed, the recent IPBES report concluded that “nature is declining globally at rates unprecedented in human history”. Consequently, the United Nations General Assembly recently declared 2021–2030 the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. There is no doubt that the current global responses are far from sufficient and significant transformative changes of societies are needed to restore and protect nature and ecosystems. Transitioning to Sustainable Life on Land presents reviews, original research, and practical experiences from different disciplines with a focus on: theoretical and empirical reflection about the necessary transformation of values, institutions, markets, firms and policies, reviews and research on protection, restoration and sustainable use of diverse terrestrial ecosystems, analyses and reporting of encouraging local, regional, national, and global initiatives. Transitioning to Sustainable Life on Land is part of MDPI's new Open Access book series Transitioning to Sustainability. With this series, MDPI pursues environmentally and socially relevant research which contributes to efforts toward a sustainable world. Transitioning to Sustainability aims to add to the conversation about regional and global sustainable development according to the 17 SDGs. Set to be published in 2020/2021, the book series is intended to reach beyond disciplinary, even academic boundaries.

biodiversity --- economics and governance --- valuation and ethics --- justice and sufficiency --- zero net loss --- cultivated landscapes --- ecosystem restoration --- conservation agriculture --- agroforestry --- peatland --- land consolidation --- land tenure --- land ownership

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Steels and their heat treatment are still very important in modern industry because most industrial components are made from these materials. The proper choice of steel grades along with their suitable processing makes it possible to reduce the weight of the components, which is closely related to energy and fuel savings. This has decisive importance in branches such as the automotive, transport, consumer industries. A great number of novel heat- and surface-treatment techniques have been developed over the past three decades. These techniques involve, for example, vacuum treatment, sub-zero treatment, laser/electron beam surface hardening and alloying, low-pressure carburizing and nitriding, and physical vapour deposition. This Special Issue contains a collection of original research articles on not only advanced heat-treatment techniques—carburizing and sub-zero treatments—but also on the microstructure–property relationships in different ferrous alloys.

Vanadis 6 die steel --- surface finish --- nitriding --- PVD coating --- toughness --- fractography --- cryogenic treatment --- cryo-treatment --- mechanical properties --- microstructure --- cryo-processing --- 20Cr2Ni4A --- vacuum carburizing --- ion implantation --- rare earths --- catalysis --- carbon diffusion --- vanadis 6 steel --- sub-zero treatment at −75 °C --- hardness --- fracture toughness --- grade 92 steel weldment --- post-welding heat treatment --- tensile straining --- hydrogen embrittlement --- metallography and fractography --- ledeburitic tool steels --- carburizing --- rare-earth element pre-implantation --- sub-zero treatments

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Machine learning is a relatively new field, without a unanimous definition. In many ways, actuaries have been machine learners. In both pricing and reserving, but also more recently in capital modelling, actuaries have combined statistical methodology with a deep understanding of the problem at hand and how any solution may affect the company and its customers. One aspect that has, perhaps, not been so well developed among actuaries is validation. Discussions among actuaries’ “preferred methods” were often without solid scientific arguments, including validation of the case at hand. Through this collection, we aim to promote a good practice of machine learning in insurance, considering the following three key issues: a) who is the client, or sponsor, or otherwise interested real-life target of the study? b) The reason for working with a particular data set and a clarification of the available extra knowledge, that we also call prior knowledge, besides the data set alone. c) A mathematical statistical argument for the validation procedure.

deposit insurance --- implied volatility --- static arbitrage --- parameterization --- machine learning --- calibration --- dichotomous response --- predictive model --- tree boosting --- GLM --- validation --- generalised linear modelling --- zero-inflated poisson model --- telematics --- benchmark --- cross-validation --- prediction --- stock return volatility --- long-term forecasts --- overlapping returns --- autocorrelation --- chain ladder --- Bornhuetter–Ferguson --- maximum likelihood --- exponential families --- canonical parameters --- prior knowledge --- accelerated failure time model --- chain-ladder method --- local linear kernel estimation --- non-life reserving --- operational time --- zero-inflation --- overdispersion --- automobile insurance --- risk classification --- risk selection --- least-squares monte carlo method --- proxy modeling --- life insurance --- Solvency II --- claims prediction --- export credit insurance --- semiparametric modeling --- VaR estimation --- analyzing financial data --- n/a --- Bornhuetter-Ferguson

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The book deals with the latest research on membrane distillation. New membrane and module designs, low-temperature applications, integration with other membrane units and pilot scale investigations are presented and discussed.

FGD wastewater --- integrated membrane-based process --- zero liquid-discharge --- sustainability --- bioethanol --- sweeping gas membrane distillation --- SGMD --- glucose --- permeate flux --- optimization --- membrane distillation --- triple layer composite membrane --- highly concentrated solutions --- PVDF --- PES --- membrane stability --- polypropylene --- TIPS --- talc --- desalination --- brine treatment --- pilot scale --- permeate quality --- membrane filtration --- high salinity --- spacer-filled channel --- temperature polarization --- computational fluid dynamics --- thermochromic liquid crystals --- distillation --- high recovery rate --- brine concentration --- zero liquid discharge --- membrane distillation module --- wastewater concentration --- resource recovery --- 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone --- solvent dehydration --- hollow-fiber membrane --- multi-objective optimization --- submerged module --- capillary membrane --- direct contact membrane distillation --- urea --- low temperature --- composite membrane --- plasma-polymerized hydrophobic fluorosiloxane coating --- hydrophilic porous hollow-fiber substrate --- n/a