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Foaming of polymeric materials enables weight reduction, which is very important from the economic point of view, but most of all, it should be considered as an excellent means to provide new properties to various polymeric materials. Permanent developments in foaming technologies allow manufacturing of foams with micro- and even nano-sized pores, expanding the already very wide range of their applications. Except for the most conventional applications, which include damping materials, thermal and acoustic insulation, packaging materials or absorbents, applications in catalysis, fuel cells, tissue engineering, and electromagnetic shielding, often associated with nanocellular structures, have become more and more popular.Moreover, having in mind the ongoing trends and law regulations, it is important to remember the environmental impact of polymeric foams. Recent technological developments often involve biodegradability of foams, application of environmentally friendly raw materials, and innovative recycling methods.Because of the richness of potential innovations and future developments, the Editors are pleased to present the Structure, Properties and Applications of Polymeric Foams book, a collection of papers from Materials Special Issue dealing with the structure, performance, and applications of polymeric foams.

Plastic foams. --- Urethane foam.

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The recognition of the exceptional chemical and biological properties of vanadium compounds has led, in recent decades, to extensive research exploring their chemistry, biochemistry, and medicinal chemistry. Due to the prospective application of vanadium compounds as therapeutic agents against diseases such as diabetes, cancer and those provoked by parasites and bacteria, vanadium coordination chemistry and biochemistry has been an area of extensive research. Currently, the most promising potential uses of vanadium compounds are as nutritional supplements and as anticancer agents potentiated by immunotherapy. Nevertheless, researchers from all over the world are dedicating their efforts to vanadium research related to other potential therapeutic applications of vanadium compounds and to obtain insights into their beneficial effects on health and their modes of action. This Special Issue collected research contributions focused on recent advances in vanadium chemistry, biochemistry, and medicinal chemistry. I expect that this collection will have a great impact on the future direction of vanadium research.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Inorganic chemistry --- polyoxometalates --- decavanadate --- cytotoxicity --- insulin-like activity --- diabetes therapy --- vanadium biochemistry --- vanadium speciation --- vanadium --- proteins --- DNA --- fluorescence --- binding constants --- mechanism of action --- oxidovanadium(V) --- vanadium Schiff base coordination complex --- low acute toxicity --- Oxidovanadium(V) --- Schiff base --- X-ray crystallography --- DNA interaction --- 2-aminopyrimidinium --- experimental and theoretical characterization --- DFT --- docking RNA/DNA --- vitamin E --- EPR --- tocopherol --- 51V NMR --- urethane --- aerosol delivery --- lung cancer --- apoptosis --- antineoplastic --- oxidovanadium(IV) phenantrholine chrysin --- vanadium cellular uptake --- anticancer --- albumin interaction --- glycosylated flavonoid --- oxidovanadium(IV) complex --- antitumoral --- antioxidant --- cell signaling --- cancer --- anticancer agents --- n/a

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The inverse dynamics problem was developed in order to provide researchers with the state of the art in inverse problems for dynamic and vibrational systems. Contrasted with a forward problem, which solves for the system output in a straightforward manner, an inverse problem searches for the system input through a procedure contaminated with errors and uncertainties. An inverse problem, with a focus on structural dynamics, determines the changes made to the system and estimates the inputs, including forces and moments, to the system, utilizing measurements of structural vibration responses only. With its complex mathematical structure and need for more reliable input estimations, the inverse problem is still a fundamental subject of research among mathematicians and engineering scientists. This book contains 11 articles that touch upon various aspects of inverse dynamic problems.

regenerative shock absorbers --- energy harvesting --- active control of automobile suspension systems --- railroad tracks --- track modulus --- computer simulation --- artificial neural networks --- Fiber-reinforced Foamed Urethane (FFU) --- free vibration --- impact hammer excitation technique --- high-rate dynamics --- structural health monitoring --- time-frequency analysis --- synchrosqueezing transform (SST) --- jerk --- acceleration onset --- higher-order derivatives of acceleration --- jounce --- acceleration-dot --- sports surfacing --- sand surface --- dynamic behaviour --- impact tests --- accelerometry --- greyhound racing --- equine racing --- shake table control --- vibration testing --- system identification --- inverse dynamics --- feedback linearization --- servohydraulics --- inverse problems --- quantum graphs --- delta-prime vertex conditions --- Bayesian inference --- uncertainty quantification --- dynamical systems --- inverse problem --- machine learning --- Gaussian process --- polynomial chaos --- impact force identification --- tower structure --- impact localization --- force history --- inverse algorithm --- rotor dynamic --- bearing --- centrifugal pump --- impeller diameter --- Lagrangian equations --- n/a

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Joint replacement is a very successful medical treatment. However, the survivorship of hip, knee, shoulder, and other implants is limited. The degradation of materials and the immune response against degradation products or an altered tissue loading condition as well as infections remain key factors of their failure. Current research in biomechanics and biomaterials is trying to overcome these existing limitations. This includes new implant designs and materials, bearings concepts and tribology, kinematical concepts, surgical techniques, and anti-inflammatory and infection prevention strategies. A careful evaluation of new materials and concepts is required in order to fully assess the strengths and weaknesses and to improve the quality and outcomes of joint replacements. Therefore, extensive research and clinical trials are essential. The main aspects that are addressed in this Special Issue are related to new material, design and manufacturing considerations of implants, implant wear and its potential clinical consequence, implant fixation, infection-related material aspects, and taper-related research topics. This Special Issue gives an overview of the ongoing research in those fields. The contributions were solicited from researchers working in the fields of biomechanics, biomaterials, and bio- and tissue-engineering.

electrocautery --- titanium alloy --- cobalt-chrome alloy --- fatigue behavior --- biomechanical study --- Vertebral body replacement (VBR) --- non metallic --- radiolucent --- CF/PEEK --- biomechanics --- tumor --- vertebral fracture --- spine --- calcium phosphate --- granules --- bone graft substitutes --- total hip arthroplasty --- implant deformation --- acetabulum --- Metasul --- 28 mm small head --- metal-on-metal THA --- cobalt --- chromium --- titanium --- blood metal ions --- inflammation --- cytokines --- metal particles --- metal ions --- synovium --- dual taper modular hip stem --- acetabular revision --- asymptomatic stem modularity --- decision making model --- threshold --- biomaterials --- arthroplasty --- orthopaedic tribology --- experimental simulation --- total knee replacement --- PEEK-OPTIMA™ --- UHMWPE --- third body wear --- modular acetabular cup --- poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) --- ceramics --- ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) --- strain distribution --- bone stock --- cup-inlay stability --- disassembly forces --- relative motion --- periprosthetic joint infections --- infection prophylaxis --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- in vivo osteomyelitis model --- metal wear --- retrieval study --- metal-on-metal articulation --- volumetric wear --- megaendoprosthesis --- total knee arthroplasty --- bone tumor --- Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis --- hip arthroplasty --- elementary geometrical shape model --- interchangeability --- head–taper junction --- migration --- ion implantation --- precision casting --- Ti6Al4V --- calcium --- phosphorus --- centrifugal casting --- porous implants --- tantalum --- hip replacement --- revision hip arthroplasty --- primary stability --- backside wear --- cross-linked --- total hip replacement --- hip cup system --- composite --- fibers --- polycarbonate-urethane --- meniscal replacement --- mechanical properties --- meniscus --- silicon nitride --- coating --- joint replacement --- wear --- adhesion --- trunnionosis --- trunnion failure --- fretting corrosion --- head–neck junction --- mechanically assisted crevice corrosion --- implant --- biomaterial --- corrosion --- residual stress --- taper connection --- anodic polarization --- surface treatment --- knee joint --- patellar component --- musculoskeletal multibody simulation --- patellofemoral joint --- polyetheretherketone --- fixation --- debonding --- implant–cement interface --- PMMA --- periprosthetic joint infection --- cement spacer --- articulating spacer --- hip spacer --- two-stage revision --- surface alteration --- surface roughness --- third-body wear --- zirconium oxide particles --- metal-on-cement articulation --- oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty --- bearing thickness --- retrieval analysis --- n/a --- biomedical rheology --- viscosity --- bovine calf serum --- shear thinning --- numerical simulation --- head-taper junction --- head-neck junction --- implant-cement interface