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Rapid establishment of seedlings in forest regeneration or afforestation sites after planting is a prerequisite for a successful reforestation. Seedling survival after outplanting can be improved by using high-quality seedling material. Seedling quality consists of several features, such as genetic source, morphological properties, nutritional status, stress resistance, and vitality of the seedlings. Field performance of the seedlings is a complex process which can be affected by many nursery and silvicultural practices. Nursery cultural practices strongly affect seedling quality, which is generally at its highest level during the growth period at the nursery. Afterwards, when the seedlings are transported from the nursery to the planting site (including seedling storage, handling, shipping, and planting practices), the quality of seedlings can only remain the same or decline. To ensure successful regeneration, it is important to produce seedlings that retain their high quality until planting, and to establish them quickly in the forest regeneration site.

container parameters --- forest regeneration material --- physiological attributes --- somatic embryogenesis --- Quercus rubra --- antioxidant enzymes --- nursery production --- shortleaf pine --- historical perspective --- maturation --- Appalachia --- bulk density --- Quercus robur L. --- rabbit --- western larch --- Picea abies L. Karst. --- sessile oak --- climate change --- physiological quality --- nursery culture --- Fennoscandia --- pedunculate oak --- elk --- seeds --- survival --- small mammal --- loblolly pine --- Norway spruce --- white oak --- growing media --- germination --- morphological attributes --- embling production --- mechanization --- browse --- contractor --- field performance --- reforestation --- white-tailed deer --- forest biotechnology --- cultural practice --- hybridization --- nutrients --- silviculture --- black locust --- scarification index --- seedling quality --- tree planting machine --- seed size --- herbicide --- artificial regeneration --- restoration ecology --- porosity --- northern red oak --- cryopreservation --- leaf senescence --- tree seedling --- Douglas fir --- Quercus --- growth --- mine reclamation --- forestry