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This Special Issue includes manuscripts about soil erosion and degradation processes and the accelerated rates due to hydrological processes and climate change. The new research included in this issue focuses on measurements, modeling, and experiments in field or laboratory conditions developed at different scales (pedon, hillslope, and catchment). This Special Issue received investigations from different parts of the world such as Ethiopia, Morocco, China, Iran, Italy, Portugal, Greece, and Spain, among others. We are happy to see that all papers presented findings characterized as unconventional, provocative, innovative, and methodologically new. We hope that the readers of the journal Water can enjoy and learn about hydrology and soil erosion using the published material, and share the results with the scientific community, policymakers, and stakeholders to continue this amazing adventure, facing plenty of issues and challenges.

soil --- natural resources --- modeling --- hybrid model --- Bastam watershed --- splash erosion --- environmental assessment --- soil erosion --- rainfall simulation --- loess landslide --- agricultural irrigation --- field investigation --- static liquefaction --- RUSLE --- soil erodibility --- gravel content --- Chaohu Lake Basin --- vineyards --- soil management --- tractor traffic --- hydrological properties --- erosion --- runoff --- hydraulic conductivity --- soil water conservation --- argan --- South Morocco --- soil degradation --- tree --- intertree --- Ethiopian highlands --- eucalyptus --- gully --- soil loss --- soil and water conservation practices --- gully erosion susceptibility --- GIS --- robustness --- MARS algorithm --- rainfall-runoff processes --- hillslope morphology --- surface flow --- roughness --- land degradation --- soil conservation --- remote sensing --- urbanization --- land-use --- suspended sediment concentration --- spatiotemporal variation --- hydrological processes --- different scales --- models --- experiments

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Metal ions are fundamental elements for the maintenance of the lifespan of plants, animals and humans. Their substantial role in biological systems was recognized a long time ago. They are essential for the maintenance of life and their absence can cause growth disorders, severe malfunction, carcinogenesis or death. They are protagonists as macro- or microelements in several structural and functional roles, participating in many bio-chemical reactions, and arise in several forms. They participate in intra- and intercellular communications, in maintaining electrical charges and osmotic pressure, in photosynthesis and electron transfer processes, in the maintenance of pairing, stacking and the stability of nucleotide bases and also in the regulation of DNA transcription. They contribute to the proper functioning of nerve cells, muscle cells, the brain and the heart, the transport of oxygen and to many other biological processes up to the point that we cannot even imagine a life without metals. In this book, the papers published in the Special Issue “The Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry and Medicine” are summarized, providing a picture of metal ion uses in biology, biochemistry and medicine, but also pointing out the toxicity impacts on plants, animals, humans and the environment.

aluminium --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- durum wheat --- excitation pressure --- non-photochemical quenching --- photosynthesis --- photoprotection --- photoinhibition --- reactive oxygen species --- triticale --- Cd toxicity --- detoxification mechanism --- photochemical quenching --- photosynthetic heterogeneity --- photoprotective mechanism --- phytoremediation --- plastoquinone pool --- redox state --- spatiotemporal variation --- mercury --- biosorption --- dead cells --- Lysinibacillus sphaericus --- dithizone --- GF-AAS --- EDS-SEM --- adaptive response --- hormetic response --- hydrogen peroxide --- marine angiosperms --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- zinc oxide nanoparticles --- titanium dioxide --- nanoparticles --- solubility --- toxicity --- skin --- safety --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- mature leaves --- spatiotemporal heterogeneity --- young leaves --- osteoblasts --- corrosion --- ions --- particles --- osteolysis --- inflammation --- bioimaging --- clary sage --- effective quantum yield (ΦPSΙΙ) --- non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) --- photochemical quenching (qp) --- singlet oxygen (1O2) --- aseptic loosening --- metal ions --- monocytes --- macrophages --- 5-caffeoylquinic acid --- chlorogenic acid --- zinc --- plant phenolic compounds --- oxidative stress --- n/a

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This book focuses on the up-to-date studies on the sustainability with changing climate and extremes. The main contributors discussed the changing climate and extreme events, as well as their impacts on natural and human dimension sustainability, including the incorporated social–ecologic and socioeconomic processes. Special attention is given to four main sections: natural disasters in agriculture; urban/rural ecosystem, tourism, and ecosystem service; extreme climate indices, and newly created dataset for climate change.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- trade conflict --- carbon emissions --- import and export trade --- cooperative emission reduction --- meteorological hazards --- risk assessment --- spatial pattern --- population exposure --- Qinghai-Tibet Plateau --- climate change --- slope geohazards --- new geohazard clusters --- extreme cooling events --- Arctic Oscillation --- winter in China --- atmospheric circulation --- GPP --- CMIP6 --- ESM --- STA --- China --- warm days --- cold days --- warm nights --- cold nights --- hot days --- frost days --- compound drought and heatwave events --- complex network --- event synchronization --- atmospheric circulation patterns --- urban agglomeration --- drought --- heat wave --- flood --- GM (1, 1) --- Arctic --- universal thermal climate index (UTCI) --- spatial-temporal changes --- 1979–2019 --- ecosystem services trade-offs --- land-use change --- soil conservation --- carbon storage --- water yield --- precipitation gradient --- Loess Plateau --- climate hazards --- geospatial analysis --- urban adaptation --- risk management --- snow disaster --- risk zoning --- Heilongjiang Province --- precipitation --- model resolutions --- cold region of China --- spatiotemporal distribution --- spatiotemporal variation --- 1961–2019 --- high-resolution and high-quality precipitation data --- independent and non-independent test --- the 0.01° multi-source fusion precipitation product --- extreme precipitation event --- forest types --- NDVI --- AVHRR GIMMS --- temperature range --- precipitation range --- snow cover --- black carbon concentration --- radiative forcing --- northeast China --- high temperature --- mobile phone data --- impact factor --- Zhuhai City --- WRF model --- projection --- short-lived heatwave event --- long-lived heatwave event --- Yangtze River Basin --- central and western Pacific --- thermocline --- yellowfin tuna --- CPUE --- El Niño --- La Niña --- GAM model --- spring soil moisture --- impact mechanism --- Songnen Plain --- Sanjiang Plain --- maize --- diurnal temperature range --- fresh air index --- natural microclimate comfort index --- fresh air–natural microclimate comfort index --- scenic spots --- Fujian province --- extreme climate indices --- temporal and spatial dynamics --- linear trend --- climate abrupt change --- central China --- peanut drought --- Shandong Province --- natural disaster risk assessment principles --- dry-hot wind disaster --- Shandong province --- natural disaster risk assessment principle --- summer maize --- inter- and mixed cropping --- flowering period --- yield --- potato climatic productivity potential --- Inner Mongolia --- effect --- human mobility --- rainfall --- taxi GPS data --- community --- Zhuhai central areas --- citrus --- quality --- future projection --- state-owned forest farms --- human resource allocation --- industrial structure --- coordination and adaptation --- personal structure --- contiguous poverty-stricken areas --- rainstorms and droughts --- direct economic losses --- disaster-affected population --- drought and flood --- vulnerability --- risk prediction --- agroecosystem --- heatwaves --- population exposure change --- global warming --- 1.5 °C warming scenario --- 2.0 °C warming scenario --- n/a --- 1979-2019 --- 1961-2019 --- El Niño --- La Niña --- fresh air-natural microclimate comfort index