Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The promotion of social protection in Sub-Saharan Africa happens in a context where informal labour markets constitute the norm, and where most workers live uncertain livelihoods with very limited access to official social protection. The dominant social protection agenda and the associated literature come with an almost exclusive focus on donor and state programmes even if their coverage is limited to small parts of the populations - and in no way stands measure to the needs. In these circumstances, people depend on other means of protection and cushioning against risks and vulnerabilities including different forms of collective self-organizing providing alternative forms of social protection. These informal, bottom-up forms of social protection are at a nascent stage of social protection discussions and little is known about the extent or models of these informal mechanisms. This book seeks to fill this gap by focusing on three important sectors of informal work, namely: transport, construction, and micro-trade in Kenya and Tanzania. It explores how the global social protection agenda interacts with informal contexts and how it fits with the actual realities of the informal workers. Consequently, the authors examine and compare the social protection models conceptualized and implemented 'from above' by the public authorities in Tanzania and Kenya with social protection mechanisms 'from below' by the informal workers own collective associations. The book will be of interest to academics in International Development Studies, Political Economy, and African Studies, as well as development practitioners and policy communities.

Precarious employment. --- Employment, Precarious --- Non-standard employment --- development policy --- development studies --- employment in the global south --- global south development --- global south economies --- informal economy --- informal income --- informal work --- informal workers --- social protection policy

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper discusses the main characteristics and causes of Lithuania’s inequality differentials relative to peers, and suggests policies that may reduce them. Although Lithuania has recovered well from the 2008–09 crisis and developmental indicators look reasonably good, it features one of the highest levels of income inequality in the European Union. Low living standards, modest public expenditure on social protection, limited tax progressivity, and high income volatility are the main causes of income inequality. More recently, Lithuania has taken some moderate steps to address income inequality and to improve the condition of low-wage earners through large minimum wage hikes.

Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Public finance & taxation --- Income inequality --- Personal income --- Income distribution --- Disposable income --- Social protection spending --- National accounts --- Expenditure --- Income --- National income --- Expenditures, Public --- Lithuania, Republic of

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This exciting and innovative Handbook provides readers with a comprehensive and globally relevant overview of the instruments, actors and design features of social protection systems, as well as their application and impacts in practice. It is the first book that centres around system building globally, a theme that has gained political importance yet has received relatively little attention in academia.

Public welfare. --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- Government policy --- Political planning. --- Planning in politics --- Public policy --- Planning --- Policy sciences --- Politics, Practical --- Public administration --- Social protection --- welfare state --- coordination --- system --- poverty --- risk management

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper examines the role of social spending in improving socioeconomic outcomes in the Middle East and Central Asia. In particular, it addresses the following questions: (1) how large is social spending across the region? (2) how do countries in the region fare on socioeconomic outcomes? (3) how important is social spending as a determinant of these outcomes? and (4) how efficient is social spending in the region?.

Government spending policy. --- Middle East --- Asia, Central --- Social conditions. --- Education spending --- Education --- Education: General --- Equity and social spending --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Health care spending --- Health economics --- Health --- Health: General --- Inclusive growth --- Middle East and Central Asia --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Social protection spending --- Saudi Arabia

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper assesses the sustainability of the public pension system, discusses recent and proposed changes to veterans’ benefits, and reviews the effectiveness of social assistance in Kosovo. The social transfer programs created in the wake of Kosovo’s independence are narrower in scope than similar programs in other European emerging economies. Poverty, the main policy challenge of the country, can be addressed through employment-friendly economic growth and pro-poor social spending. Kosovo’s highly inequitable current system of social cash transfer represents a departure from the fiscally sustainable and conceptually homogenous structure of the early 2000s.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Labor Economics: General --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Pensions --- Population & demography --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Pension spending --- Aging --- Income --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- National accounts --- Social protection spending --- Population aging --- Labor economics --- Expenditures, Public --- Kosovo, Republic of --- Income economics