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One fundamental topic of scientific inquiry in psychology is the study of what William James called the 'stream of consciousness', our ongoing experience of the world and ourselves from within - our inner experiences. These internal states (aka "stimulus-independent thoughts") include inner speech, mental imagery, feelings, sensory awareness, internally produced sounds or music, unsymbolized thinking, and mentalizing (thinking about others' mental states). They may occur automatically during mind-wandering (daydreaming) and resting-state episodes, and may focus on one's past, present, or future ("mental time travel" - e.g., autonoetic consciousness). Inner experiences also may take the form of intrusive or ruminative thoughts. The types, characteristics, frequency, content, and functions of inner experiences have been studied using a variety of traditional methods, among which questionnaires, thought listing procedures (i.e., open-ended self-reports), thinking aloud techniques, and daily dairies. Another approach, articulatory suppression, consists in blocking participants' use of verbal thinking while completing a given task; deficits indicate that inner speech plays a causal role in normal task completion. Various thought sampling approaches have also been developed in an effort to gather more ecologically valid data. Previous thought sampling studies have relied on beepers that signal participants to report aspects of their inner experiences at random intervals. More recent studies are exploiting smartphone technology to easily and reliably probe randomly occurring inner experiences in large samples of participants. These various measures have allowed researchers to learn some fundamental facts about inner experiences. To illustrate, it is becoming increasingly clear that prospection (future-oriented thinking) greatly depends on access to autobiographical memory (past-oriented thinking), where recollection of past scenes is used as a template to formulate plausible future scenarios. The main goal of the present Research Topic was to offer a scientific platform for the dissemination of current high-quality research pertaining to inner experiences. Although data on all forms of inner experiences were welcome, reports on recent advances in inner speech research were particularly encouraged. Here are some examples of topics of interest: (1) description and validation of new scales, inventories, questionnaires measuring any form of inner experience; (2) novel uses or improvements of existing measures of inner experiences; (3) development of new smartphone technology facilitating or broadening the use of cell phones to sample inner experiences; (4) frequency, content, and functions of various inner experience; (5) correlations between personality or cognitive variables and any aspects of inner experiences; (6) philosophical or theoretical considerations pertaining to inner experiences; and (7) inner experience changes with age.

Thought and thinking. --- Self-consciousness (Awareness) --- Psychology. --- Behavioral sciences --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Human biology --- Philosophy --- Soul --- Mental health --- Self-awareness --- Self-consciousness --- Consciousness --- Thinking --- Thoughts --- Educational psychology --- Psychology --- Intellect --- Logic --- Perception --- Psycholinguistics --- Self --- Time Perception --- fMRI --- resting state --- unsymbolized thinking --- self-consciousness --- inner speech --- mind wandering --- Thought sampling --- Self-report scales --- autobiography

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Although many educational researchers were pioneers in the integration of technology into teaching and learning prior to 2000, institutions started extensively adopting technology in their courses around this period. However, the adoption process was slow and mainly followed the traditional mode of teaching in the formal university learning environment. The COVID-19 pandemic’s disruption “forced” everyone to use technology for teaching and learning purposes, supporting synchronous and/or asynchronous teaching and learning processes. This book aims not only to present successful practice examples from before or during the COVID-19 pandemic, but also to provide useful information to university teachers, assisting them in further understanding the higher education context, demands and challenges of digital education. Including evidence from the current higher education landscape from all over the world and discussing various frameworks allows institutions and policymakers to take decisions about the future digital education transformation, while teachers and educational researchers can find examples of how various digital learning tools (i.e., virtual simulations and e-portfolios) are integrated into teaching and learning processes in various environment (i.e., online, and blended learning). Considering experiences prior to the COVID-19 pandemic alongside the opportunities and challenges brought about by the pandemic, this book can support the higher education sector in considering curriculum reformations and introducing innovative teaching and learning approaches to meet the Industrial 4.0 revolution.

Humanities --- Education --- standardized test --- Saber Pro --- student characteristics --- mean score differences --- correlations between competencies --- academic performance --- improvement --- e-learning --- technology acceptance --- learning management system --- behavioral intention e-learning --- behavioral intention --- digital learning ecology --- self-directed learning --- learning technology --- digital resilience --- higher education --- HeXie --- bioscience --- home labs --- COVID-19 --- practical skills development --- learning communities --- gamification --- flipped classroom --- virtual labs --- remote lab --- virtual lab --- enquiry-based learning --- inquisitive learning --- interactive learning --- digital interruptions --- online learning --- mobile learning --- blended learning --- career planning --- electronic learning --- employability --- Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge --- science education --- student teachers --- self-report measure --- ubiquitous learning --- learning theories --- digital transformation --- educational environment --- eco-environment --- educational design --- process model --- capabilities --- Labour 4.0 --- teaching

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Clinical psychology based on gender medicine is a core topic of this Special Issue. In general, consideration of women’s mental health is limited; however, it is important to consider subjective wellbeing factors connected with cultural, environmental, epigenetic and personality aspects. Many factors, such as the roles assigned to women nowadays in social and work contexts, can act as predisposing conditions in the etiology of the psychopathological frame, particularly affective disorders. Furthermore, in the developmental life of a woman, important risk factors can be highlighted, such as the vulnerability to psychological distress in women and couples. In particular, the topic addresses the individual maternal requirements for successful transition to healthy motherhood and innovative programs based on gender medicine in the life cycle considering student and elderly experiences. The connection of psychological vulnerability to the environment and repercussions for relationships have been studied in connection with the COVID-19 lockdown, induced changes in women’s psychological distress and research regarding sexual arousal, self-image and mental wellbeing. Psychological and emotional forms of violence in couples, such as IPV, is another point highlighting new trend of assessments (i.e., Intimate Partner Violence EAPA-P) and ad hoc treatment in emotional regulation and resilience. Psychological support for women is central to the prevention of psychopathology, especially in relation to subthreshold traits; finally, the topic offers an overview of ad hoc treatments in clinical contexts.

stress --- medical student --- temperament --- self-esteem --- optimism --- stress response --- gender differences --- social behavior --- attachment --- touch avoidance --- network analysis --- intimate partner violence --- psychological treatment --- randomized controlled trial --- posttraumatic stress --- effectiveness --- eating abnormal behavior --- pro-ana and pro-mia websites --- female adolescents --- distress --- self-efficacy --- maternal confidence --- maternal wellbeing --- post-partum --- fall --- women --- health-related quality of life --- South Korea --- COVID-19 --- principal component analysis --- emotion regulation --- social stability status --- intolerance of uncertainly --- Italian population --- psychological violence --- self-report --- violence against women --- gender-based violence --- domestic violence --- assessment --- mindfulness --- newborn --- mother-infant --- maternal behavior --- mother-infant interaction --- maternal parenting stress --- maternal support --- sexuality --- body image

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The aim of this Special Issue is to collect valuable contributions from scientists worldwide working on the role that biological, behavioral, and cognitive markers can have in predicting the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders. We were able to collect 13 original articles and two reviews on this topic. The results published in this Special Issue could provide significant support in pre-clinical phases for the identification of vulnerability factors, to better understand the course of the illness, and to predict its outcome, as well as aiding clinicians in the therapeutic decision-making process.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) --- childhood apraxia of speech --- children --- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) --- neuroanatomy --- FreeSurfer --- affective disorder --- perinatal period --- fatherhood --- prevention --- gender --- screening --- TMAU --- psychiatric disorders --- microbiota --- Attentional Boost Effect --- bipolar disorder --- euthymic patients --- recognition memory --- genetic variants --- criminal behaviour --- frequency data --- gambling disorder --- attachment --- adolescence --- friend and family interview --- forgetting --- neurotransmitter system --- psychopathologies --- mentalization --- self-report measure --- multilevel model --- integration --- assessment --- COVID-19 --- young adults --- social isolation --- psychological distress --- emotional eating --- emotional dysregulation --- depression --- nomogram --- patient health questionnaire --- multiple risk factors --- epidemiological survey --- high-risk group --- affective temperaments --- depressive disorders --- bipolar disorders --- youth --- heart rate variability --- polyvagal theory --- neurovisceral integration model --- emotional regulation --- psychopathology --- prefrontal functions --- exercise addiction --- alexithymia --- body image --- self-esteem --- COVID-19 vaccine --- vaccine acceptance --- vaccine intention --- aging --- cerebellum --- classification --- cognitive decline --- diadochokinesia --- motor control --- sensory motor performance --- time perception --- n/a