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This classic table of random numbers for use in statistical probability experiments, one of the first, was prepared in the precomputer days of 1947 using the specially built electronic equivalent of a 32-place roulette wheel. Fourteen RAND mathematicians, engineers, and computing pioneers participated in the planning, testing, and rerandomizing of the tables and in preparing them for publication. The two tables, one of a million random digits and one of 100,000 Gaussian deviates, were photoreproduced from IBM 856 Cardatype printout. An introduction explains their derivation and statistical properties and gives directions for use. Although large simulation studies now generate their own random numbers, the RAND tables remain useful for smaller-scale work and hand calculations; they are much used in agricultural research. This book was originally published with the same title, Glencoe, IL, The Free Press, 1955 and includes a new foreword by Michael Rich.

Mathematics --- Numbers, Random --- Sampling (Statistics)

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Miniaturization is a challenge thrown down to analytical chemistry. The replacement of conventional analytical systems by miniaturized alternatives during the last years is noticeable. Specifically, the miniaturization of traditional sample preparation techniques (e.g., solid-phase extraction or solvent extraction) led to the development of environmentally benign analytical methods. This book aims to provide an overview of the challenges and achievements in the application of the miniaturized sample preparation methods in analytical laboratories. It includes both theoretical and practical aspects of miniaturized sample preparation approaches and hence should be of interest to researchers, students and teachers of analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, environmental sciences and environmental engineering.

Sampling. --- Sample preparation (Chemistry) --- Extraction (Chemistry) --- Preparation of chemical samples --- Inspection by sampling --- Chemistry, Technical --- Diffusion --- Packed towers --- Separation (Technology) --- Solution (Chemistry) --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Sampling --- Technique --- Analytical chemistry --- Analytical Chemistry --- Materials Science --- Green Chemistry

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Most freshwater aquatic ecosystems have focused on open-water conditions, during spring, summer, and autumn. Studies in winter during ice-covered conditions are sparse due to the logistic difficulties of sampling during freezing weather and the assumption that these ecosystems are biologically inactive during winter. There is growing evidence, however, that ice conditions can have strong impacts on the flora, fauna, and water quality of freshwater systems, dependent on the severity and duration of the winter season. The magnitude of winter conditions and the duration of the ice-covered period can also set the stage of the biological succession of flora, fauna and water-quality constituents in the subsequent spring and summer seasons (e.g., higher probability of early algal blooms with earlier ice-off dates). Climate change and changes in the type and degree of anthropogenic impacts will also influence the ice regime and hence the ecosystems of northern freshwater systems. This Special Issue provides a venue to report new findings in field-based and modelling research to highlight the importance of the ice regime and ice-induced hydraulic regime of rivers and lakes on their aquatic ecosystems.

field sampling --- water quality --- northern lakes and rivers --- aquatic ecosystems --- modelling --- ice regime

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Particulate matter (PM)--dust, dirt, smoke, soot, and liquid droplets--comes from a variety of sources and is a mixture of many pollutants made up of several different chemical species. Recent evidence about health effects and the fundamental physical and chemical differences between fine and coarse PM prompted the EPA to set new standards. Monitoring to determine whether an area has met these standards requires a comprehensive approach that combines analytical techniques to assess mass and chemical composition with an integrated network of ambient and source PM monitors. However, chemical analysis of PM is costly and difficult, and existing technologies are not capable of continuous sampling and monitoring for chemical composition. Therefore, the next generation of PM monitors should be multifunctional instruments capable of continuous, real-time monitoring of both PM mass and chemical composition. In addition, they will need to address several barriers to their use, including cost, complicated calibration and verification systems, and cumbersome installation and maintenance procedures.

Air --- Particle size determination --- Air sampling apparatus --- Pollution --- Measurement. --- Instruments --- Technological innovations

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Quality control is a standard which certainly has become a style of living. With the improvement of technology every day, we meet new and complicated devices and methods in different fields. Quality control explains the directed use of testing to measure the achievement of a specific standard. It is the process, procedures and authority used to accept or reject all components, drug product containers, closures, in-process materials, packaging material, labeling and drug products, and the authority to review production records to assure that no errors have occurred.The quality which is supposed to be achieved is not a concept which can be controlled by easy, numerical or other means, but it is the control over the intrinsic quality of a test facility and its studies. The aim of this book is to share useful and practical knowledge about quality control in several fields with the people who want to improve their knowledge.

Quality control. --- Factory management --- Industrial engineering --- Reliability (Engineering) --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Standardization --- Quality assurance --- Quality of products --- Industrial quality control