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With the emergence of Systems Biology, there is a greater realization that the whole behavior of a living system may not be simply described as the sum of its elements. To represent a living system using mathematical principles, practical quantities with units are required. Quantities are not only the bridge between mathematical description and biological observations; they often stand as essential elements similar to genome information in genetics. This important realization has greatly rejuvenated research in the area of Quantitative Biology. Because of the increased need for precise quantification, a new era of technological development has opened. For example, spatio-temporal high-resolution imaging enables us to track single molecule behavior in vivo. Clever artificial control of experimental conditions and molecular structures has expanded the variety of quantities that can be directly measured. In addition, improved computational power and novel algorithms for analyzing theoretical models have made it possible to investigate complex biological phenomena. This research topic is organized on two aspects of technological advances which are the backbone of Quantitative Biology: (i) visualization of biomolecules, their dynamics and function, and (ii) generic technologies of model optimization and numeric integration. We have also included articles highlighting the need for new quantitative approaches to solve some of the long-standing cell biology questions. In the first section on visualizing biomolecules, four cutting-edge techniques are presented. Ichimura et al. provide a review of quantum dots including their basic characteristics and their applications (for example, single particle tracking). Horisawa discusses a quick and stable labeling technique using click chemistry with distinct advantages compared to fluorescent protein tags. The relatively small physical size, stability of covalent bond and simple metabolic labeling procedures in living cells provides this type of technology a potential to allow long-term imaging with least interference to protein function. Obien et al. review strategies to control microelectrodes for detecting neuronal activity and discuss techniques for higher resolution and quality of recordings using monolithic integration with on-chip circuitry. Finally, the original research article by Amariei et al. describes the oscillatory behavior of metabolites in bacteria. They describe a new method to visualize the periodic dynamics of metabolites in large scale cultures populations. These four articles contribute to the development of quantitative methods visualizing diverse targets: proteins, electrical signals and metabolites. In the second section of the topic, we have included articles on the development of computational tools to fully harness the potential of quantitative measurements through either calculation based on specific model or validation of the model itself. Kimura et al. introduce optimization procedures to search for parameters in a quantitative model that can reproduce experimental data. They present four examples: transcriptional regulation, bacterial chemotaxis, morphogenesis of tissues and organs, and cell cycle regulation. The original research article by Sumiyoshi et al. presents a general methodology to accelerate stochastic simulation efforts. They introduce a method to achieve 130 times faster computation of stochastic models by applying GPGPU. The strength of such accelerated numerical calculation are sometimes underestimated in biology; faster simulation enables multiple runs and in turn improved accuracy of numerical calculation which may change the final conclusion of modeling study. This also highlights the need to carefully assess simulation results and estimations using computational tools.

fluorescence chemistry --- numerical integration --- molecular crowding --- quantum dot --- cell division --- data visualization --- imaging --- model optimization --- GPGPU

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Semiconductor lasers are key components in many optical systems due to their advantages, including their small size, low cost, high efficiency, and low power consumption. It is well-known that semiconductor lasers under external perturbations, such as optical injection, optical feedback, or delayed coupling can exhibit a large variety of complex dynamical behaviors. Nowadays, cutting-edge engineering applications based on the complex dynamics of diode lasers are being conducted in areas, such as optical communications, optical signal processing, encoded communications, neuro-inspired ultra-fast optical computing devices, microwave signal generation, RADAR and LIDAR applications, biomedical imaging, and broadband spectroscopy. The prospects for these applications are even more exciting with the advent of photonic integrated circuits. This Special Issue focuses on theoretical and experimental advances in the nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers subject to different types of external perturbations.

spin-VCSELs --- laser arrays --- laser dynamics --- spin flip model --- coupled lasers --- optoelectronics --- OLED --- laser --- organic laser diode --- nonlinear dynamics --- quantum dot lasers --- optical feedback --- chaotic --- linewidth enhancement factor (LEF) --- interband cascade laser --- mid-infrared chaos --- semiconductor laser --- optical phase --- gain-switching --- spontaneous emission noise --- quantum random number generation --- semiconductor lasers --- mutual coupling --- asymmetric coupling strength --- symmetry breaking --- narrow-linewidth lasers --- laser stability --- long delay --- injection-locking --- noise --- simulation --- pulsation --- chaos --- optical injection --- excitability --- neuromorphic dynamics --- modulation --- locking --- low-frequency fluctuations --- optical frequency comb --- polarization switching --- VCSEL

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This book focuses on recent advances in the synthesis of nanoparticles, their characterization, and their applications in different fields such as catalysis, photonics, magnetism, and nanomedicine. Nanoparticles receive a large share of the worldwide research activity in contemporary materials science. This is witnessed by the number of scientific papers with ""nanoparticle"" as a keyword, increasing linearly in the last 10 years from about 16,000 in 2009 to about 50,000 in 2019. This impressive widespread interest stems from the basic science of nanoparticles, which constitute a bridge between the molecular and the bulk worlds, as well as from their technological applications. The preparation of nanoparticles is a crossroad of materials science where chemists, physicists, engineers, and even biologists frequently meet, leading to a continuous improvement of existing techniques and to the invention of new methods. The reader interested in nanoparticles synthesis and properties will here find a valuable selection of scientific cases that cannot cover all methods and applications relevant to the field, but still provide an updated overview on the fervent research activity focused on nanoparticles.

silicon quantum dots --- nanocomposites --- finite element method --- nanoparticles --- non-aqueous solvent controlled sol-gel route --- Au-Fe alloy --- isomalto-oligosaccharide --- cytotoxic activity --- gas phase condensation --- synergistic effect --- alloys --- metal oxides --- egg white protein --- nanoparticle --- submicrometre spherical particles --- emulsifying property --- Ligustrum ovalifolium L. --- A375 cells --- core-shell particles --- physical adsorption --- pulse laser deposition --- ovarian carcinoma cells --- mobility --- FePt alloy --- reaction control --- titanium --- PLD --- ceria --- cobalt --- hot spot --- graphene --- thermal aggregation --- phase separation --- one-pot hydrothermal method --- super-luminescent diode --- electron microscopy --- synthesis --- InPBi --- laser wavelength --- hierarchical structure --- emission spectrum --- zeta potential --- glycation --- La-Na co-doped TiO2 --- plasmonic coupling --- silver nanoparticles --- blue --- catalytic activity --- magnetic phase --- photothermal therapy --- quantum dot --- iron --- gold nanorods --- methylene --- phytosynthesis --- laser melting in liquid

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This book is a collection of scientific articles which brings research in Si nanodevices, device processing, and materials. The content is oriented to optoelectronics with a core in electronics and photonics. The issue of current technology developments in the nanodevices towards 3D integration and an emerging of the electronics and photonics as an ultimate goal in nanotechnology in the future is presented. The book contains a few review articles to update the knowledge in Si-based devices and followed by processing of advanced nano-scale transistors. Furthermore, material growth and manufacturing of several types of devices are presented. The subjects are carefully chosen to critically cover the scientific issues for scientists and doctoral students.

silicon --- yolk−shell structure --- anode --- lithium-ion batteries --- in-plane nanowire --- site-controlled --- epitaxial growth --- germanium --- nanowire-based quantum devices --- HfO2/Si0.7Ge0.3 gate stack --- ozone oxidation --- Si-cap --- interface state density --- passivation --- GOI --- photodetectors --- dark current --- responsivity --- prussian blue nanoparticles --- organotrialkoxysilane --- silica beads --- arsenite --- arsenate --- water decontamination --- vertical gate-all-around (vGAA) --- digital etch --- quasi-atomic-layer etching (q-ALE) --- selective wet etching --- HNO3 concentration --- doping effect --- vertical Gate-all-around (vGAA) --- p+-Ge0.8Si0.2/Ge stack --- dual-selective wet etching --- atomic layer etching (ALE) --- stacked SiGe/Si --- epitaxial grown --- Fin etching --- FinFET --- short-term potentiation (STP) --- long-term potentiation (LTP) --- charge-trap synaptic transistor --- band-to-band tunneling --- pattern recognition --- neural network --- neuromorphic system --- Si-MOS --- quantum dot --- spin qubits --- quantum computing --- GeSn --- CVD --- lasers --- detectors --- transistors --- III-V on Si --- heteroepitaxy --- threading dislocation densities (TDDs) --- anti-phase boundaries (APBs) --- selective epitaxial growth (SEG) --- n/a

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The first nonlinear optical effect was observed in the 19th century by John Kerr. Nonlinear optics, however, started to grow up only after the invention of the laser, when intense light sources became easily available. The seminal studies by Peter Franken and Nicolaas Bloembergen, in the 1960s, paved the way for the development of today’s nonlinear photonics, the field of research that encompasses all the studies, designs, and implementations of nonlinear optical devices that can be used for the generation, communication, and processing of information. This field has attracted significant attention, partly due to the great potential of exploiting the optical nonlinearities of new or advanced materials to induce new phenomena and achieve new functions. According to Clarivate Web of Science, almost 200,000 papers were published that refer to the topic “nonlinear optic*”. Over 36,000 papers were published in the last four years (2015–2018) with the same keyword, and over 17,000 used the keyword “nonlinear photonic*”. The present Special Issue of Micromachines aims at reviewing the current state of the art and presenting perspectives of further development. Fundamental and applicative aspects are considered, with special attention paid to hot topics that may lead to technological and scientific breakthroughs.

GeSn --- quantum dot --- electric field --- intersubband nonlinear optics --- absorption coefficients --- refractive index changes --- pure state --- cascaded spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) --- numerical simulation --- transparent conductive oxide --- coherent perfect absorption --- epsilon-near-zero media --- light-with-light modulation --- refractive index change --- non-linear photonics --- optical fibers --- thermal poling --- numerical analysis --- extrinsic chirality --- second harmonic generation --- GaAs nanowires --- plasmonic coating --- second-harmonic generation --- waveguide --- AlGaAs --- optical frequency combs --- quadratic nonlinearity --- optical parametric oscillator --- modulation instability --- stimulated raman scattering --- fiber optics --- amplifiers --- lasers --- optical communication systems --- kerr nonlinearity --- whispering gallery mode --- optical resonators --- stimulated brillouin scattering --- optomechanical oscillations --- nonlinear optics --- stimulated Raman scattering --- microphotonics --- nanophotonics --- nonlinear waveguide --- optical microcavity --- photonics crystals --- nanocrystals --- optical resonances --- harmonic generation --- four-wave mixing --- optical switching --- sub-wavelength gratings --- Mie scattering --- Fano resonances --- guided-mode resonance --- terahertz --- nonlinear optical conversion --- complex optical systems --- adaptive imaging --- single-pixel imaging --- surface nonlinear photonics --- n/a