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Nitro chemistry plays an important role in organic synthesis to construct new frameworks. This is due to the diverse properties of the nitro group. The strong electron-withdrawing ability of the nitro group reduces the electron density of the scaffold, facilitating reactions with nucleophiles or electron transfer. In addition, the -hydrogen of the nitro group is highly acidic, giving a stable anion, which facilitates reactions with both electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents. In addition, the nitro group also serves as a good leaving group, which facilitates transformation to a wide variety of functional groups. Despite the substantial contributions of many researchers, nitro chemistry is still an exciting and challenging research area. This book brings together recent original research and review articles contributed by an international team of leading experts and pioneers in organic synthesis using nitro groups. It is sure to provide useful information and promising insights for researchers.

nitro --- pyridone --- 1-methyl-2-quinolone --- cycloaddition --- direct functionalization --- perylenediimide --- nitro group --- organic materials --- Phenacylation of beta-nitropyridin-2-ones --- 8-nitro-5-RO-indolizines --- oxazole-pyrrole ring transformation --- conjugate addition --- dihydrofuran --- 1,3-dicarbonyl compound --- enolate --- isoxazoline N-oxide --- nitroketone --- nitronate --- nucleophilic substitution --- nitropyridines --- isoxazolo[4,3-b]pyridines --- 1,4-dihydropyridines --- nucleophilic addition --- Diels-Alder reaction --- dearomatization --- hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene --- nitration --- SNAr substitution --- ICT character --- aromaticity --- C–H functionalization --- total synthesis --- pyrrolidines --- anchimeric assistance --- epimerization --- PDE4 inhibitors --- 1,3-Dipole --- electron-withdrawing ability --- electrophilicity --- nucleophilicity

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For at least six hundred million years, life has been a fascinating laboratory of crystallization, referred to as biomineralization. During this huge lapse of time, many organisms from diverse phyla have developed the capability to precipitate various types of minerals, exploring distinctive pathways for building sophisticated structural architectures for different purposes. The Darwinian exploration was performed by trial and error, but the success in terms of complexity and efficiency is evident. Understanding the strategies that those organisms employ for regulating the nucleation, growth, and assembly of nanocrystals to build these sophisticated devices is an intellectual challenge and a source of inspiration in fields as diverse as materials science, nanotechnology, and biomedicine. However, “Biological Crystallization” is a broader topic that includes biomineralization, but also the laboratory crystallization of biological compounds such as macromolecules, carbohydrates, or lipids, and the synthesis and fabrication of biomimetic materials by different routes. This Special Issue collects 15 contributions ranging from biological and biomimetic crystallization of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and silica-carbonate self-assembled materials to the crystallization of biological macromolecules. Special attention has been paid to the fundamental phenomena of crystallization (nucleation and growth), and the applications of the crystals in biomedicine, environment, and materials science.

chitosan --- Csep1p --- bond selection during protein crystallization --- bioremediation --- education --- reductants --- heavy metals --- biomimetic crystallization --- MTT assay --- protein crystallization --- drug discovery --- optimization --- polymyxin resistance --- lysozyme --- ependymin-related protein (EPDR) --- equilibration between crystal bond and destructive energies --- barium carbonate --- dyes --- microseed matrix screening --- nanoapatites --- colistin resistance --- Haloalkane dehalogenase --- diffusion --- polyacrylic acid --- random microseeding --- protein ‘affinity’ to water --- insulin --- protein crystal nucleation --- agarose --- lithium ions --- ependymin (EPN) --- {00.1} calcite --- seeding --- Campylobacter consisus --- metallothioneins --- Crohn’s disease --- balance between crystal bond energy and destructive surface energies --- color change --- microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) --- crystallization of macromolecules --- crystallization --- calcein --- MCR-1 --- Cry protein crystals --- L-tryptophan --- circular dichroism --- crystal violet --- nanocomposites --- halide-binding site --- calcium carbonate --- PCDA --- ultrasonic irradiation --- adsorption --- biochemical aspects of the protein crystal nucleation --- GTL-16 cells --- proteinase k --- neutron protein crystallography --- classical and two-step crystal nucleation mechanisms --- thermodynamic and energetic approach --- heavy metal contamination --- N-acetyl-D-glucosamine --- crystallization in solution flow --- solubility --- biomorphs --- droplet array --- biomimetic materials --- ferritin --- biomineralization --- wastewater treatment --- H3O+ --- silica --- graphene --- supersaturation dependence of the crystal nucleus size --- pyrrole --- micro-crystals --- nucleation --- crystallography --- mammalian ependymin-related protein (MERP) --- high-throughput --- vaterite transformation --- gradients --- materials science --- bioprecipitation --- biomedicine --- human carbonic anhydrase IX --- protein crystal nucleation in pores --- growth --- crystal growth

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Coumarins are widely distributed in nature and can be found in a large number of naturally occurring and synthetic bioactive molecules. The unique and versatile oxygen-containing heterocyclic structure makes them a privileged scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry. Many coumarin derivatives have been extracted from natural sources, designed, synthetized, and evaluated on different pharmacological targets. In addition, coumarin-based ion receptors, fluorescent probes, and biological stains are growing quickly and have extensive applications to monitor timely enzyme activity, complex biological events, as well as accurate pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties in living cells. The extraction, synthesis, and biological evaluation of coumarins have become extremely attractive and rapidly developing topics. A large number of research and review papers have compiled information on this important family of compounds in 2020. Research articles, reviews, communications, and concept papers focused on the multidisciplinary profile of coumarins, highlighting natural sources, most recent synthetic pathways, along with the main biological applications and theoretical studies, were the main focus of this book. The huge and growing range of applications of coumarins described in this book is a demonstration of the potential of this family of compounds in Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, and different sciences related to the study of natural products. This book includes 23 articles: 17 original papers and six review papers.

coumarin --- hydroxyl-modified coumarin --- photophysical --- thermal and structural characterization --- Glycyrrhiza uralensis --- glycyrol --- liquiritigenin --- cholinesterases --- human monoamine oxidases --- kinetics --- docking simulation --- chalcone --- neurodegenerative diseases --- adenosine receptors --- binding affinity --- docking --- 4-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin --- macrophage --- inflammation --- NF-κB --- MAPK --- calanolides --- pseudocalanolides --- calanolide A --- Calophyllum --- Calophyllaceae --- anti-HIV --- reverse transcriptase --- non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) --- osthole --- umbelliferone --- esculin --- 4-hydroxycoumarin --- sorafenib --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- Yin Chen Hao --- constitutive androstane receptor --- scoparone --- coumarins --- quorum sensing --- QS inhibitors --- plant-derived molecules --- Chromobacterium violaceum --- immunoproteasome --- psoralen core --- non-peptidic --- electrophilic compounds --- warhead scan --- inflammatory bowel disease --- isocoumarin --- Crohn’s disease --- ulcerative colitis --- glutathione --- oxidative stress --- complementary therapies --- intestinal inflammation --- benzopyrones --- five-membered aromatic heterocycles --- furan --- pyrrole --- thiophene --- selenophen --- dihydrocoumarin-fused dihydropyranones --- 3-aroylcoumarines --- benzyl 2,3-butadienoate --- 6’-(4-biphenyl)-β-iso-cinchonine --- biological applications --- drug discovery --- fluorescent probes --- warfarin --- acenocoumarol --- mechanical valve --- time in therapeutic range --- anticoagulation --- Ruta chalepensis --- Rutaceae --- chalepin --- chalepensin --- bioactivity --- biosynthesis --- coumarin3-carboxamides --- pyranocoumarins --- anticancer activity --- antibacterial activity --- free radical polymerization --- LED --- photocomposites --- direct laser write --- analytical methods --- model plant --- natural genetic variation --- natural products --- simple coumarins --- chalcocoumarin --- MAO-B --- molecular dynamics --- in silico studies --- dye-sensitized solar cells --- coumarin dyes --- thieno [3,2-b] thiophene --- charge transfer --- ethynylaryl --- esculetin --- antiplatelet activity --- impedance aggregometry --- COX --- polyphenols --- pyrazole --- imidazole --- thiazole --- oxazole --- triazole --- thiadiazole --- curcumin --- curcumin–coumarin hybrids --- neuroprotection --- monoamine oxidase inhibition --- cholinesterase inhibition --- scavenging activity --- Escherichia coli --- biotransformation --- ferulenol --- structural annotation --- in silico tools --- n/a --- Crohn's disease --- 6'-(4-biphenyl)-β-iso-cinchonine --- curcumin-coumarin hybrids