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This book is intended to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in specialty photonic crystal fiber technology and its multiple applications, combined with an optimistic outlook to what lies ahead. It comprises six original research papers and one review from different leading research institutions worldwide.

stimulated Raman scattering --- hollow-core photonic crystal fibers --- fiber lasers --- gas lasers --- hollow-core photonic crystal fiber --- soliton --- photoionization --- dispersive wave --- chalcogenide glasses --- 3D printing --- mid-infrared fibers --- photonic crystal fibers --- photonic bandgap fiber --- resonance --- dispersion management --- supercontinuum generation --- photonic crystal fiber --- polarization modulation instability --- ANDi fiber --- liquid-filled PCF --- hollow core fiber --- optical waveguide design --- mid-infrared beam delivery --- hollow-core fiber --- fiber gas laser --- n/a

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The last two decades have witnessed a rapid development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) involving gas microflows in various technical fields. Gas microflows can, for example, be observed in microheat exchangers designed for chemical applications or for cooling of electronic components, in fluidic microactuators developed for active flow control purposes, in micronozzles used for the micropropulsion of nano and picosats, in microgas chromatographs, analyzers or separators, in vacuum generators and in Knudsen micropumps, as well as in some organs-on-a-chip, such as artificial lungs. These flows are rarefied due to the small MEMS dimensions, and the rarefaction can be increased by low-pressure conditions. The flows relate to the slip flow, transition or free molecular regimes and can involve monatomic or polyatomic gases and gas mixtures. Hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer are strongly impacted by rarefaction effects, and temperature-driven microflows offer new opportunities for designing original MEMS for gas pumping or separation. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on novel theoretical and numerical models or data, as well as on new experimental results and technics, for improving knowledge on heat and mass transfer in gas microflows. Papers dealing with the development of original gas MEMS are also welcome.

preconcentrator --- UV absorption --- n/a --- bearing characteristics --- ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) --- resonant micro-electromechanical-systems (MEMS) --- heat sinks --- measurement and control --- flow choking --- mixing length --- gas flows in micro scale --- BTEX --- kinetic theory --- PID detector --- ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- OpenFOAM --- direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) --- thermally induced flow --- vacuum micropump --- miniaturization --- gaseous rarefaction effects --- modelling --- volatile organic compound (VOC) detection --- supersonic microjets --- slip flow --- Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) --- micro-mirrors --- micro-scale flows --- microfabrication --- Knudsen pump --- microfluidic --- microfluidics --- hollow core waveguides --- capillary tubes --- gas mixing --- advanced measurement technologies --- DSMC --- Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) --- microchannels --- miniaturized gas chromatograph --- Pitot tube --- multi-stage micromixer --- analytical solution --- pressure drop --- micro-mixer --- thermal transpiration --- photoionization detector --- FE analysis --- gas mixtures --- spectrophotometry --- Knudsen layer --- pulsed flow --- Fanno flow --- integrated micro sensors --- binary gas mixing --- modified Reynolds equation --- rarefied gas flow --- rarefied gas flows --- backward facing step --- modular micromixer --- fractal surface topography --- underexpansion --- electronic cooling --- splitter --- compressibility --- photolithography --- Benzene --- out-of-plane comb actuation --- gas sensors --- aerodynamic effect --- fluid damping --- toluene --- control mixture composition