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The investigation of the interfacial phase transitions in fluid systems with short-range intermetallic interactions are of great interest. The phenomena were studied in two systems exhibiting a liquid-liquid miscibility gap: at the fluid/wall interface in fluid KxKCl1-x and at the fluid/vacuum interface of the Ga1 xBix alloys. To characterize the interfacial changes of the ultra thin films (composition, thickness and their evolution with time) the spectroscopic ellipsometry was performed over a wide spectral range. Whereas in the experiments on KxKCl1-x an existing ellipsometer could be used, a completely new UHV-apparatus including the in-situ phase modulation ellipsometer had to be developed for Ga1 xBix alloys. For the KxKCl1-x system new results on complete wetting at solid-liquid coexistence as well as in the homogenous liquid phase (prewetting) are presented. The spectra show the typical F center absorption which indicates that the film is a salt-rich phase. The thickness strongly increases approaching the monotectic from 30 to 440 nm, which is in agreement with the tetra point wetting scenario. For this interpretation a quantitative description of the excess Gibbs energy has been developed. For the Ga1 xBix system the results on complete wetting, surface freezing and oscillatory interfacial instabilities are presented. The high-precision spectra have been recorded approaching the liquid-liquid miscibility. These spectra have been modeled using a Ga-Bi effective medium approximation for the substrate covered by a film of liquid Bi. The measurements give evidence of tetra point wetting in the Ga-Bi system. First ellipsometric study of the surface freezing in Ga-Bi has been performed. Within the miscibility gap a very interesting effect of surface and bulk oscillatory instability was observed. The details of this process at present are not well understood, but a qualitative description is given.

molten salt --- surface phase transition --- spectroscopic ellipsometry --- Ga-Bi alloys

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This course-based open access textbook delves into percolation theory, examining the physical properties of random media—materials characterized by varying sizes of holes and pores. The focus is on both the mathematical foundations and the computational and statistical methods used in this field. Designed as a practical introduction, the book places particular emphasis on providing a comprehensive set of computational tools necessary for studying percolation theory. Readers will learn how to generate, analyze, and comprehend data and models, with detailed theoretical discussions complemented by accessible computer codes. The book's structure ensures a complete exploration of worked examples, encompassing theory, modeling, implementation, analysis, and the resulting connections between theory and analysis. Beginning with a simplified model system—a model porous medium—whose mathematical theory is well-established, the book subsequently applies the same framework to realistic random systems. Key topics covered include one- and infinite-dimensional percolation, clusters, scaling theory, diffusion in disordered media, and dynamic processes. Aimed at graduate students and researchers, this textbook serves as a foundational resource for understanding essential concepts in modern statistical physics, such as disorder, scaling, and fractal geometry.

Statistical Physics. --- Condensed matter. --- System theory. --- Porous materials. --- Mathematical physics. --- Computer simulation. --- Geophysics. --- Phase Transition and Critical Phenomena. --- Complex Systems. --- Porous Materials. --- Computational Physics and Simulations.

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Fuzzy Logic is a good model for the human ability to compute words. It is based on the theory of fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is different from a classical set because it breaks the Law of the Excluded Middle. In fact, an item may belong to a fuzzy set and its complement at the same time and with the same or different degree of membership. The degree of membership of an item in a fuzzy set can be any real number included between 0 and 1. This property enables us to deal with all those statements of which truths are a matter of degree. Fuzzy logic plays a relevant role in the field of Artificial Intelligence because it enables decision-making in complex situations, where there are many intertwined variables involved. Traditionally, fuzzy logic is implemented through software on a computer or, even better, through analog electronic circuits. Recently, the idea of using molecules and chemical reactions to process fuzzy logic has been promoted. In fact, the molecular word is fuzzy in its essence. The overlapping of quantum states, on the one hand, and the conformational heterogeneity of large molecules, on the other, enable context-specific functions to emerge in response to changing environmental conditions. Moreover, analog input–output relationships, involving not only electrical but also other physical and chemical variables can be exploited to build fuzzy logic systems. The development of “fuzzy chemical systems” is tracing a new path in the field of artificial intelligence. This new path shows that artificially intelligent systems can be implemented not only through software and electronic circuits but also through solutions of properly chosen chemical compounds. The design of chemical artificial intelligent systems and chemical robots promises to have a significant impact on science, medicine, economy, security, and wellbeing. Therefore, it is my great pleasure to announce a Special Issue of Molecules entitled “The Fuzziness in Molecular, Supramolecular, and Systems Chemistry.” All researchers who experience the Fuzziness of the molecular world or use Fuzzy logic to understand Chemical Complex Systems will be interested in this book.

fuzzy logic --- complexity --- chemical artificial intelligence --- human nervous system --- fuzzy proteins --- conformations --- photochromic compounds --- qubit --- protein dynamics --- conformational heterogeneity --- promiscuity --- fuzzy complexes --- higher-order structures --- protein evolution --- fuzzy set theory --- artificial intelligence --- GCN4 mimetic --- peptides–DNA --- E:Z photoisomerization --- conformational fuzziness --- photoelectrochemistry --- wide bandgap semiconductor --- artificial neuron --- in materio computing --- neuromorphic computing --- intrinsically disordered protein --- intrinsically disordered protein region --- liquid–liquid phase transition --- protein–protein interaction --- protein–nucleic acid interaction --- proteinaceous membrane-less organelle --- fuzzy complex. --- d-TST --- activation energy --- Transitivity plot --- solution kinetic --- Maxwell–Boltzmann path --- Euler’s formula for the exponential --- activation --- transitivity --- transport phenomena --- moonlighting proteins --- intrinsically disordered proteins --- metamorphic proteins --- morpheeins --- n/a --- peptides-DNA --- liquid-liquid phase transition --- protein-protein interaction --- protein-nucleic acid interaction --- Maxwell-Boltzmann path --- Euler's formula for the exponential

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Following new developments in the measurement of gravitational waves from neutron–star mergers and the modification or construction of particle colliders to reach larger densities, we are entering a new era, during which we can begin to understand dense and hot matter for the first time. This, together with future supernova explosion data, will provide us with the opportunity to have truly multimessenger data on hot and dense matter, which is, to some extent, similar to the matter present in the core of proto-neutron stars. This Special Issue focuses on the theory necessary to understand present and future data. It includes state-of-the-art theoretical models that describe dense and hot matter and dynamical stellar simulations that make use of them, with the ultimate goal of determining which degrees of freedom are relevant under these conditions and how they affect the matter equation of state and stellar evolution.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- neutron stars --- equations of state --- relativistic models --- gravitational waves --- neutron star --- equation of state --- universal relation --- hybrid star --- color superconductivity --- diquark --- dense matter --- neutrinos --- hyperons --- nuclear matter --- neutron star merger --- beta equilibration --- weak interaction --- n/a --- chiral symmetry --- axion QED --- quark–hole pairing --- cold-dense QCD --- magnetic DCDW --- quark stars --- dark matter --- radial oscillations --- nuclear matter aspects --- quark deconfinement --- quark-gluon plasma production --- phase-transition --- neutron star crust --- meson interactions --- quantum molecular dynamics --- quark-hole pairing

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The crystal chemistry of spin crossover (SCO) behavior in coordination compounds can potentially be in association with smart materials—promising materials for applications as components of memory devices, displays, sensors and mechanical devices and, especially, actuators, such as artificial muscles. This Special Issue is devoted to various aspects of SCO and related research, comprising 18 interesting original papers on valuable and important SCO topics. Significant and fundamental scientific attention has been focused on the SCO phenomena in a wide research range of fields of fundamental chemical and physical and related sciences, containing the interdisciplinary regions of chemical and physical sciences related to the SCO phenomena. Coordination materials with bistable systems between the LS and the HS states are usually triggered by external stimuli, such as temperature, light, pressure, guest molecule inclusion, soft X-ray, and nuclear decay. Since the first Hofmann-like spin crossover (SCO) behavior in {Fe(py)2[Ni(CN)4]}n (py = pyridine) was demonstrated, this crystal chemistry motif has been frequently used to design Fe(II) SCO materials to enable determination of the correlations between structural features and magnetic properties.

n/a --- hexadentate ligand --- X-ray diffraction --- structural disorder --- lattice energy --- 2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane --- thermal hysteresis --- optical conductivity spectrum --- spin-state crossover --- solvate --- single crystal --- spin-crossover transition --- spin-crossover --- cobalt oxide --- amorphous --- metal dithiolene complexes --- qsal ligand --- impurity effect --- 3-triazole --- intermolecular interactions --- spin crossover --- hydrogen bonding --- 1 --- 2 --- optical microscopy --- supramolecular coordination polymer --- paramagnetic ligand --- magnetic susceptibility --- high spin --- [Fe(III)(3-OMesal2-trien)]+ --- aminoxyl --- cobalt(II) ion --- mosaicity --- Fe(III) coordination complexes --- nitroxides --- C–H···? interactions --- Fe(II) --- dithiooxalato ligand --- dinuclear triple helicate --- coordination polymers --- magnetization --- spiral structure --- magnetostructural correlations --- charge-transfer phase transition --- structure phase transition --- magnetic properties --- spin polaron --- substitution of 3d transition metal ion --- iron(II) complexes --- X-ray absorption spectroscopy --- coordination complexes --- crystal engineering --- fatigability --- soft X-ray induced excited spin state trapping --- spin transition --- dipyridyl-N-alkylamine ligands --- coordination polymer --- iron (II) --- iron mixed-valence complex --- chiral propeller structure --- spin cross-over (SCO) --- EPR spectroscopy --- Cu(II) complexes --- solvent effects --- ferromagnetism --- SQUID --- LIESST effect --- low spin (LS) --- 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy --- dielectric response --- iron(II) --- hetero metal complex --- atropisomerism --- switch --- Schiff base --- counter-anion --- DFT calculation --- Fe(III) complex --- Fe(II) complex --- high spin (HS) --- reaction diffusion --- thermochromism --- supramolecular isomerism --- phase transition --- magnetic transition --- mononuclear --- [Au(dmit)2]? --- UV-Vis spectroscopy --- phase transitions --- ?-? interactions --- [Au(dddt)2]? --- crystal structure --- linear pentadentate ligand --- ion-pair crystals --- C-H···? interactions --- 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy