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Private foreign banks dominate the banking system although their market share declined in the 1990s while that of private indigenous banks increased. The banking system was not concentrated either within or across countries. Stigler’s survivor test indicated that large banks tended to reduce their scale over time. Private foreign and private indigenous banks exhibited similar distributions with respect to operating expenses but private foreign banks were most profitable. High interest rate spreads appeared attributable to higher average costs related to market size and geographic peculiarities.

Banks and Banking --- Industries: Financial Services --- Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Banking --- Finance --- State-owned banks --- Foreign banks --- Commercial banks --- Loans --- Financial institutions --- Deposit rates --- Financial services --- Banks and banking --- Banks and banking, Foreign --- Interest rates --- United States

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Current estimates of global poverty vary substantially across studies. In this paper we undertake a novel sensitivity analysis to highlight the importance of methodological choices in estimating global poverty. We measure global poverty using different data sources, parametric and nonparametric estimation methods, and multiple poverty lines. Our results indicate that estimates of global poverty vary significantly when they are based alternately on data from household surveys versus national accounts but are relatively consistent across different estimation methods. The decline in poverty over the past decade is found to be robust across methodological choices.

Poverty --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Econometric models. --- Econometrics --- Macroeconomics --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Global Outlook --- Measurement and Analysis of Poverty --- Economic Development: General --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Estimation --- Poverty & precarity --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Personal income --- Consumption --- Income distribution --- Estimation techniques --- National accounts --- Econometric analysis --- Income --- Economics --- Econometric models --- Central African Republic

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It is common for IMF-supported adjustment programs with low-income member countries (LICs) to project that they will facilitate FDI inflows. The main objective of this paper is to empirically examine this hypothesis. Using an unbalanced panel dataset for 73 low-income countries over the period 1980–2012, and two different econometric methods that address the selection-bias problem, the empirical results robustly show that participating in IMF-supported program is associated with a significant increase in FDI inflows.

Capital movements -- Developing countries -- Econometric models. --- Economic assistance -- Developing countries -- Econometric models. --- International monetary fund. --- Investments, Foreign -- Developing countries -- Econometric models. --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions --- Estimation --- Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods --- Single Equation Models --- Single Variables: Cross-Sectional Models --- Spatial Models --- Treatment Effect Models --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Privatization --- Contracting Out --- Finance --- Foreign direct investment --- Balance of payments --- Economic sectors --- Investments, Foreign --- United States

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The conventional growth-accounting approach to estimating the sources of economic growth requires unrealistically strong assumptions about the competitiveness of factor markets and the form of the underlying aggregate production function. This paper outlines a new approach utilizing nonparametric derivative estimation techniques that does not require imposing these restrictive assumptions. The results for East Asian countries show that output elasticities of capital and labor are different from the income shares of these factors, and that the growth of total factor productivity over the period 1960-95 has been an important factor in the overall growth performance of these countries.

Econometrics --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods --- Measurement of Economic Growth --- Aggregate Productivity --- Cross-Country Output Convergence --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Labor Economics: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Estimation --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Labour --- income economics --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Total factor productivity --- Labor share --- Estimation techniques --- Income --- Econometric analysis --- National accounts --- Industrial productivity --- Labor economics --- Wages --- Econometric models --- Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China

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This paper assesses the real effects of the energy reform in Mexico by looking at its impact on manufacturing output through changes in energy prices. Using sub-sector and state-level manufacturing output data, along with past variation in energy prices, we find electricity prices––relative to oil and gas––to be more important in the manufacturing process, with a one standard deviation reduction in electricity prices leading to a 2.8 percent increase in manufacturing output. Our estimated elasticities together with plausible reductions in electricity tariffs derived from the energy reform, could increase manufacturing output by up to 3.6 percent, and overall real GDP by 0.6 percent. Larger reductions are possible over the long run if increased efficiency in the sector leads electricity prices to converge to U.S. levels. Moreover, including the impact of lower electricity tariffs on the services sector, could lead to significantly larger effects on GDP. Accounting for endogeneity of unit labor costs in a panel VAR setting leads to an additional indirect channel which amplifies the impact of electricity prices on output.

Energy policy --- Power resources --- Industrial capacity --- Manufacturing industries --- Capacity, Industrial --- Manufacturing capacity --- Production capacity --- Manufactures --- Energy --- Energy resources --- Power supply --- Natural resources --- Energy harvesting --- Energy industries --- Prices --- Investments: Energy --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Energy --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods --- Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Cross-Sectional Models --- Spatial Models --- Treatment Effect Models --- Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Models with Panel Data --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Studies of Particular Policy Episodes --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Electric Utilities --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Hydrocarbon Resources --- Investment & securities --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Electricity --- Manufacturing --- Energy prices --- Natural gas sector --- Oil prices --- Commodities --- Economic sectors --- Electric utilities --- Gas industry --- United States