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This Special Issue is a collection of research articles focused on the production and role of nitric oxide in plants. Nitric oxide is a crucial molecule used in the orchestration of cellular events in animals and plants. With a mixture of primary research papers and review articles written by some of the top researchers in the field, this work encompasses many aspects of this important and growing area of biochemistry.

catalase --- monodehydroascorbate reductase --- tyrosine nitration --- nitric oxide --- peroxisome --- reactive oxygen species --- S-nitrosation --- superoxide dismutase --- antioxidants --- hydrogen gas --- hydrogen peroxide --- hydrogen sulfide --- S-nitrosothiols --- S-nitrosoglutathione reductase --- S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione --- nitrate reductase --- NOFNiR --- nitrogen metabolism --- NIA1 --- NIA2 --- nitrite --- nitrate --- methyl viologen --- benzyl viologen --- NO analyzer --- molybdenum cofactor --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- nitro-fatty acids --- nitroalkenes --- nitroalkylation --- electrophile --- nucleophile --- signaling mechanism --- post-translational modification --- reactive lipid species --- nitro-lipid-protein adducts --- Trebouxia --- microalgae --- lipid peroxidation --- diaphorase activity --- lichens --- nitric oxide synthase --- nitrogen dioxide --- plant growth --- cell enlargement --- cell proliferation --- early flowering --- PsbO --- nitric oxide homeostasis --- cue1/nox1 --- reactive nitrogen species --- germination --- root development --- stress responses --- sugar metabolism --- nitration --- S-nitrosylation --- SNO-reductase --- thiol modification

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Nitro chemistry plays an important role in organic synthesis to construct new frameworks. This is due to the diverse properties of the nitro group. The strong electron-withdrawing ability of the nitro group reduces the electron density of the scaffold, facilitating reactions with nucleophiles or electron transfer. In addition, the -hydrogen of the nitro group is highly acidic, giving a stable anion, which facilitates reactions with both electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents. In addition, the nitro group also serves as a good leaving group, which facilitates transformation to a wide variety of functional groups. Despite the substantial contributions of many researchers, nitro chemistry is still an exciting and challenging research area. This book brings together recent original research and review articles contributed by an international team of leading experts and pioneers in organic synthesis using nitro groups. It is sure to provide useful information and promising insights for researchers.

nitro --- pyridone --- 1-methyl-2-quinolone --- cycloaddition --- direct functionalization --- perylenediimide --- nitro group --- organic materials --- Phenacylation of beta-nitropyridin-2-ones --- 8-nitro-5-RO-indolizines --- oxazole-pyrrole ring transformation --- conjugate addition --- dihydrofuran --- 1,3-dicarbonyl compound --- enolate --- isoxazoline N-oxide --- nitroketone --- nitronate --- nucleophilic substitution --- nitropyridines --- isoxazolo[4,3-b]pyridines --- 1,4-dihydropyridines --- nucleophilic addition --- Diels-Alder reaction --- dearomatization --- hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene --- nitration --- SNAr substitution --- ICT character --- aromaticity --- C–H functionalization --- total synthesis --- pyrrolidines --- anchimeric assistance --- epimerization --- PDE4 inhibitors --- 1,3-Dipole --- electron-withdrawing ability --- electrophilicity --- nucleophilicity

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Irving Langmuir coined the name “plasma” to describe an ionized gas back in 1927. Just over 90 years later, plasma technology is becoming increasingly important in our daily life. For example, in the medical field and dentistry, plasma is used as a method of disinfection and sterilization. Moreover, additional potential novel applications of this technology in different forms of therapy have been proposed. In the agricultural sector, plasma technology could contribute to higher crop yields by enhancing seed germination and the growth of plants, as well as the preservation of foods by disinfection. Plasma technology could also be utilized in environmental applications, including water treatment and remediation, as well as treatment of exhaust gases. Although recent extensive studies have uncovered the broad potential of plasma technology, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Therefore, further studies aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of plasma technology are required. This book is composed of original articles and reviews investigating the molecular mechanisms of plasma biology. Relevant areas of study include applications in plasma medicine, plasma agriculture, as well as plasma chemistry. Studies on potential therapeutic approaches using plasma itself and plasma-treated solutions are also included.

cold jet atmospheric pressure plasma --- reactive oxygen and nitrogen species --- backbone cleavage --- hydroxylation --- carbonyl formation --- cold atmospheric plasma --- autophagy --- silymarin nanoemulsion --- PI3K/mTOR pathway --- wound healing --- oncology --- regenerative medicine --- plasma --- atmospheric pressure plasma jets --- large-scale imaging --- machine learning --- cancer treatment --- cellular imaging --- reactive oxygen species --- mesoporous silica nanoparticles --- biomaterials --- bone regeneration --- cytotoxicity --- proliferation --- osteogenic differentiation --- plasma-activated medium --- TRAIL --- DR5 --- apoptosis --- ROS/RNS --- atmospheric-pressure plasma --- titanium --- amine --- mesenchymal stem cells --- antibiotic resistant bacteria --- antibiotic resistance gene --- disinfection --- E. coli --- inactivation --- sterilization --- cell migration --- endothelial cells VEGF --- gynaecological oncology --- vulva cancer --- risk factors --- plasma tissue interaction --- premalignant lesions --- cancer development --- patient stratification --- individualised profiling --- predictive preventive personalised medicine (PPPM/3PM) --- treatment --- Candida albicans --- cold plasma treatment --- genome --- hydrolytic enzyme activity --- carbon assimilation --- drug susceptibility --- malignant melanoma --- acidification --- nitrite --- acidified nitrite --- nitration --- membrane damage --- CAP --- cancer --- cold atmospheric pressure plasma --- hydrogen peroxide --- hypochlorous acid --- moDCs --- peroxynitrite --- RNS --- ROS --- non-thermal plasma --- biological activity --- breast cancer --- solution plasma process --- aqueous solutions --- chitin --- chitosan --- degradation --- deacetylation --- non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma --- Pectobacteriaceae --- Dickeya spp. --- Pectobacterium spp. --- antibacterial --- plant protection --- agriculture --- selective cancer treatment --- reaction network --- mathematical modeling --- n/a --- Mdm2–p53 --- plasma treatment --- molecular dynamic (MD) simulations --- Mdm2-p53