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This work deals with microstructural characterisation, modelling and simulation of SOFC electrodes with the goal of optimizing the electrode microstructures. Methods for a detailed electrode analysis based on focused ion beam (FIB) tomography are presented. A 3D FEM model able to perform simulations of LSCF cathodes based on 3D tomography data is shown. A model generating realistic, yet synthetic microstructures is presented that enables the optimization of microstructural characteristics.

Tomographie --- Solid Oxide Fuel Cell --- 3D Reconstruction --- 3D Rekonstruktion --- Microstructure Modelling --- Microstructural Characterisation --- focused ion beam (FIB) tomography --- Mikrostrukturelle Charakterisierung --- Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzelle --- Mikrostrukturmodellierung

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Throughout the history of materials science and physics, few topics have captured as much interest as the phenomenon of superconductivity (SPC), discovered in 1911. Perhaps this is because of the intriguing interpretation of the phenomenon, which remains controversial, or for the secret hope of being able to synthesize a material with a critical superconductive transition temperature (TC) high enough to revolutionize the sector of energy generation and transport. As a matter of fact, the search for new superconductor materials has motivated an army of scientists, in particular, after the discovery of high-TC superconductor cuprates (HTS) in the mid-80s. Besides the unremitting interest in HTS, new materials, such as intermetallic borides, iron–nickel-based superconductors, heavy fermion, and organic and superhydride systems, are still delivering outstanding achievements to the scientific community, among which includes thousands of papers and a handful of Nobel prize winners). This Special Issue “Synthesis and Characterization of New Superconductor Materials” is a collection of scientific contributions providing new insights and advances in this fascinating field, addressing issues ranging from the fundamental research (theory and correlation between critical temperature, TC, and structural properties) to the development of innovative solutions for practical applications of superconductivity: Synthesis of new superconducting materials Magnetic and/or electric characterization of the TC transition Role of crystal symmetry and chemical substitutions on TC TC dependence on external stimuli and/or non-ambient conditions Theoretical modeling

Dirac electron --- Landau level --- interlayer magnetoresistance --- organic conductor --- α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 --- Er123 --- melt temperature --- superconducting solder --- superconducting joint --- FeSe --- superconductivity --- high pressure --- chemical intercalation --- interfacial coupling --- AC susceptibility --- BaZrO3 --- co-precipitation --- solid-state --- YBa2Cu3O7−δ --- Weyl semimetal --- focused ion beam --- high-temperature superconductors --- bismuth-based cuprates --- Bi-2212 --- n/a

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Microelectrode arrays are increasingly used in a wide variety of situations in the medical device sector. For example, one major challenge in microfluidic devices is the manipulation of fluids and droplets effectively at such scales. Due to the laminar flow regime (i.e., low Reynolds number) in microfluidic devices, the mixing of species is also difficult, and unless an active mixing strategy is employed, passive diffusion is the only mechanism that causes the fluid to mix. For many applications, diffusion is considered too slow, and thus many active pumping and mixing strategies have been employed using electrokinetic methods, which utilize a variety of simple and complex microelectrode array structures. Microelectrodes have also been implemented in in vitro intracellular delivery platforms to conduct cell electroporation on chip, where a highly localized electric field on the scale of a single cell is generated to enhance the uptake of extracellular material. In addition, microelectrode arrays are utilized in different microfluidic biosensing modalities, where a higher sensitivity, selectivity, and limit-of-detection are desired. Carbon nanotube microelectrode arrays are used for DNA detection, multi-electrode array chips are used for drug discovery, and there has been an explosion of research into brain–machine interfaces, fueled by microfabricated electrode arrays, both planar and three-dimensional. The advantages associated with microelectrode arrays include small size, the ability to manufacture repeatedly and reliably tens to thousands of micro-electrodes on both rigid and flexible substrates, and their utility for both in vitro and in vivo applications. To realize their full potential, there is a need to develop and integrate microelectrode arrays to form useful medical device systems. As the field of microelectrode array research is wide, and touches many application areas, it is often difficult to locate a single source of relevant information. This Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles, that focus on the application of microelectrode arrays in the medical device sector. Particular interest will be paid to innovative application areas that can improve existing medical devices, such as for neuromodulation and real world lab-on-a-chip applications.

electrothermal --- microelectrode --- microfluidics --- micromixing --- micropump --- alternating current (AC) electrokinetics --- bisphenol A --- self-assembly --- biosensor --- flexible electrode --- polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) --- pyramid array micro-structures --- low contact impedance --- multimodal laser micromachining --- ablation characteristics --- shadow mask --- interdigitated electrodes --- soft sensors --- liquid metal --- fabrication --- principle --- arrays --- application --- induced-charge electrokinetic phenomenon --- ego-dielectrophoresis --- mobile electrode --- Janus microsphere --- continuous biomolecule collection --- electroconvection --- microelectrode array (MEA) --- ion beam assisted electron beam deposition (IBAD) --- indium tin oxide (ITO) --- titanium nitride (TiN) --- neurons --- transparent --- islets of Langerhans --- insulin secretion --- glucose stimulated insulin response --- electrochemical transduction --- intracortical microelectrode arrays --- shape memory polymer --- softening --- robust --- brain tissue oxygen --- in vivo monitoring --- multi-site clinical depth electrode --- n/a

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Ultra-precision machining is a multi-disciplinary research area that is an important branch of manufacturing technology. It targets achieving ultra-precision form or surface roughness accuracy, forming the backbone and support of today’s innovative technology industries in aerospace, semiconductors, optics, telecommunications, energy, etc. The increasing demand for components with ultra-precision accuracy has stimulated the development of ultra-precision machining technology in recent decades. Accordingly, this Special Issue includes reviews and regular research papers on the frontiers of ultra-precision machining and will serve as a platform for the communication of the latest development and innovations of ultra-precision machining technologies.

fused silica --- small-scale damage --- magnetorheological removing method --- combined repairing process --- evolution law --- diamond grinding --- single crystal silicon --- subsurface damage --- crystal orientation --- spherical shell --- thin-walled part --- wall-thickness --- benchmark coincidence --- data processing --- ultra-precision machining --- computer-controlled optical surfacing --- dwell time algorithm --- removal function --- elementary approximation --- atmospheric pressure plasma jet --- continuous phase plate --- surface topography --- high accuracy and efficiency --- polar microstructures --- optimization --- machining parameters --- cutting strategy --- flexible grinding --- shear thickening fluid --- cluster effect --- high-shear low-pressure --- aluminum --- ion beam sputtering --- morphology evolution --- molecular dynamics --- electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) --- material removal rate (MRR) --- electrode wear ratio (EWR) --- overcut (OC) --- electrical properties --- tool material --- diamond tool --- single-point diamond turning --- lubricant --- ferrous metal --- electrorheological polishing --- polishing tool --- roughness --- integrated electrode --- Nano-ZrO2 ceramics --- ultra-precision grinding --- surface residual material --- surface quality --- three-dimensional surface roughness --- reversal method --- eccentricity --- piezoelectric actuator --- flange --- dynamic modeling --- surface characterization --- cutting forces --- tool servo diamond cutting --- data-dependent systems --- surface topography variation --- microstructured surfaces --- microlens array --- three-dimensional elliptical vibration cutting --- piezoelectric hysteresis --- Bouc–Wen model --- flower pollination algorithm --- dynamic switching probability strategy --- parameter identification --- atom probe tomography (APT) --- single-wedge --- lift-out --- focused ion beam (FIB) --- Al/Ni multilayers --- vibration-assisted electrochemical machining (ECM) --- blisk --- narrow channel --- high aspect ratio --- multi-physics coupling simulation --- machining stability --- n/a --- Bouc-Wen model

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The present volume “New Trends in Lithium Niobate: From Bulk to Nanocrystals” contains the materials of a Special Issue of the MDPI journal Crystals dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Ortwin F. Schirmer and provides a new synopsis of his research focusing on LiNbO3. It also includes recent developments, exemplifying the continued interest in this outstanding ferroelectric, non-linear optical and holographic crystal as a workhorse for testing and realizing new ideas and applications.This book starts with reviews on intrinsic and extrinsic crystal defects in LiNbO3 of single-crystal, thin-film or nano-powder forms, studied by various optical, magnetic resonance and nuclear methods, clarifying in particular the reasons for the suppression of anion vacancy formation upon thermal reduction, mechano-chemical processing or irradiations of various types. The reviews are followed by research papers on the experimental and theoretical investigation of small polarons, together with recent results on the properties of Li(Nb,Ta)O3 mixed crystals. Among the various contributions dealing with nonlinear optical applications, papers on device development, entangled photon pair generation and thin films on the Lithium Niobate On Insulator (LNOI) platform can also be found.

lithium niobate --- small polaron hopping --- transient absorption --- mode-locked laser --- nonlinear mirror mode locking --- lithium tantalate --- crystal structure --- chemical composition --- ferroelectrics --- second harmonic generation --- lead-free piezoelectrics --- intrinsic defects --- extrinsic defects --- elemental doping --- ferromagnetism --- diluted-magnetic oxides --- LiNbO3 --- LiTaO3 --- oxide crystals --- lanthanides --- luminescence --- LNOI --- ferroelectric domains --- domain-wall conduction --- AFM --- thin film lithium niobate --- TFLN --- x-cut LN --- domain walls --- piezoresponse force microscopy --- second-harmonic generation --- Raman scattering --- electro-optics --- whispering gallery resonators --- polarons --- photorefractivity --- Marcus-Holstein’s theory --- Monte Carlo simulations --- strontium titanate --- self-trapped electrons --- oxygen vacancies --- defects --- impurity --- intrinsic defect --- paramagnetic ion --- electron paramagnetic resonance --- electron nuclear double resonance --- lithium vacancy --- lithium --- niobate --- epitaxy --- thin film --- liquid phase epitaxy --- molecular beam epitaxy --- sputtering --- pulsed laser deposition --- chemical vapor deposition --- lithium niobate-tantalate --- piezoelectric --- acoustic --- high-temperature --- sensor --- Q-factor --- BAW resonator --- parametric down-conversion --- photon-pair generation --- extended phase matching --- microring resonator --- varFDTD --- lithium tantalate thin film --- electro-optical devices --- lattice location --- radiation damage --- ion beam analysis --- hyperfine interactions --- charge localization --- lattice deformation --- optical response --- density-functional theory --- Bethe-Salpeter equation --- nanoparticles --- nanopowders --- X-ray diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- temperature dependence of electroconductivity --- bipolarons --- defect structure and generation --- Li diffusion --- bulk crystals --- thin films --- nanocrystals