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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

GBM --- DIPG --- diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma --- novel therapy --- blood-brain barrier --- drug delivery --- targeting

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Recent years have brought new insights to the understanding of Parkinson’s disease, impact of exercise and sound displays in rehabilitation and movement facilitation. There is growing evidence that auditory signals in the environment can provide a temporal template for movement and change the mode of motor control from intrinsic to extrinsic; habitual to goal-directed, enabling enhanced motor performance in patients. In addition, forced exercise rate studies show that exercising at the pace of healthy adults can have potential neuroprotective benefits for patients. Many research groups have explored the use of auditory cues (such as rhythmical auditory training) in improving gait and upper limb movement parameters. Cues are usually either intermittent (metronome) or continuous (dynamic sound displays). Similarly, dance based interventions suggest that patients benefit from additional sensory information (i.e. the temporal structure embedded in music and proprioceptive information from a dancing partner) that facilities movement. On the contrary, studies dedicated to auditory perception and motor timing report an impaired ability of patients to perceive and synchronise with complex rhythmical structures (i.e. causing an inability to play musical instruments). With the growth of modern technology and the increasing portability of hi-specification devices (such as smart phones), new research questions on the design of interventions are beginning to emerge as we strive for more efficient therapeutic approaches. In this Research Topic we wanted to bring together top scientists from the movement disorder, motor control and sound related studies along with therapists. That way, we can engage in cross-disciplinary and challenging scientific debate about future rehabilitation avenues and frontiers for Parkinson’s disease patients.

Parkinson's disease --- extrinsic and intrinsic motor control --- Ras --- timing --- Music Therapy --- Dance Therapy --- Cueing --- Perception-Action Coupling --- forced-pace exercise

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It seems obvious that phenomenally conscious experience is something of great value, and that this value maps onto a range of important ethical issues. For example, claims about the value of life for those in Permanent Vegetative State (PVS); debates about treatment and study of disorders of consciousness; controversies about end-of-life care for those with advanced dementia; and arguments about the moral status of embryos, fetuses, and non-human animals arguably turn on the moral significance of various facts about consciousness. However, though work has been done on the moral significance of elements of consciousness, such as pain and pleasure, little explicit attention has been devoted to the ethical significance of consciousness.

Philosophy --- Consciousness --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Psychology --- Spirit --- Self --- moral status --- affect --- phenomenal consciousness --- systematic account --- non-humans --- conscious experience --- valence --- humans --- nature --- Emotion --- Hedonism --- Instrumental and intrinsic value

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This is a collection of 18 papers, two of which are reviews and seven are invited feature papers, that together form the Photonics Special Issue “Semiconductor Laser Dynamics: Fundamentals and Applications”, published in 2020. This collection is edited by Daan Lenstra, an internationally recognized specialist in the field for 40 years.

injection locking --- optical filter --- semiconductor laser --- optical comb --- semiconductor lasers --- nonlinear dynamics --- optical injection --- chaos synchronization --- intra-cavity propagation delay --- secure optical communication --- quantum dot lasers --- excited-state --- chaos --- chaotic communication --- communication system security --- coupled lasers --- stability --- normal modes --- coupled modes --- optical injection locking --- microwave carrier generation --- hybrid photonic integration --- locking range --- photonic integrated circuit --- microwave generation --- laser dynamics --- optoelectronics oscillator --- photonic integrated circuits --- mutual coupling --- semiconductor ring laser --- optical feedback --- laser stability --- parity–time symmetry --- intensity dynamics --- feedback --- delay --- reservoir computing --- neuromorphic computing --- two delay-coupled lasers --- weak coupling limit --- optically injected laser --- InP semiconductor optical amplifier --- hybrid integration --- narrow intrinsic linewidth --- dual-wavelength laser --- laser frequency comb --- integrated photonic circuits --- low-loss Si3N4 waveguides --- external-cavity diode laser --- interference filter --- laser diode --- laser stabilization --- space optical clock --- high-speed VCSELs --- multi-mode VCSELs --- intrinsic laser dynamics --- equivalent circuit modeling --- intrinsic modulation response --- bifurcations --- laser chaos --- chaotic laser diode --- dynamics and stability --- laser coupling --- integrated lasers

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Disordered proteins are relatively recent newcomers in protein science. They were first described in detail by Wright and Dyson, in their J. Mol. Biol. paper in 1999. First, it was generally thought for more than a decade that disordered proteins or disordered parts of proteins have different amino acid compositions than folded proteins, and various prediction methods were developed based on this principle. These methods were suitable for distinguishing between the disordered (unstructured) and structured proteins known at that time. In addition, they could predict the site where a folded protein binds to the disordered part of a protein, shaping the latter into a well-defined 3D structure. Recently, however, evidence has emerged for a new type of disordered protein family whose members can undergo coupled folding and binding without the involvement of any folded proteins. Instead, they interact with each other, stabilizing their structure via “mutual synergistic folding” and, surprisingly, they exhibit the same residue composition as the folded protein. Increasingly more examples have been found where disordered proteins interact with non-protein macromolecules, adding to the already large variety of protein–protein interactions. There is also a very new phenomenon when proteins are involved in phase separation, which can represent a weak but functionally important macromolecular interaction. These phenomena are presented and discussed in the chapters of this book.

intrinsically disordered proteins --- epiproteome --- disordered protein platform --- molecular recognition feature --- post-translational modifications --- physiological homeostasis --- stress response --- RIN4 --- p53 --- molecular machines --- intrinsically disordered protein --- membrane-less organelle --- neurodegenerative disease --- p300 HAT acetylation --- post-translational modification --- protein aggregation --- Tau fibrillation --- intrinsically disorder proteins --- disorder-to-order regions --- protein–RNA interactions --- unstructured proteins --- conformational plasticity --- disordered protein --- folding --- ribosomal protein --- spectroscopy --- protein stability --- temperature response --- protein thermostability --- salt bridges --- meta strategy --- dual threshold --- significance voting --- decision tree based artificial neural network --- protein intrinsic disorder --- intrinsic disorder --- intrinsic disorder prediction --- intrinsically disordered region --- protein conformation --- transcriptome --- RNA sequencing --- Microarray --- differentially regulated genes --- gene ontology analysis --- functional analysis --- intrinsically disordered --- structural disorder --- correlated mutations --- co-evolution --- evolutionary couplings --- residue co-variation --- interaction surface --- residue contact network --- dehydron --- homodimer --- hydrogen bond --- inter-subunit interaction --- ion pair --- mutual synergistic folding --- solvent-accessible surface area --- stabilization center --- MLL proteins --- MLL4 --- lncRNA --- HOTAIR --- MEG3 --- leukemia --- histone lysine methyltransferase --- RNA binding --- protein --- hydration --- wide-line 1H NMR --- secretion --- immune --- extracellular --- protein-protein interaction --- structural domain --- evolution --- transcription factors --- DNA-protein interactions --- Sox2 sequential DNA loading --- smFRET --- DNA conformational landscape --- sequential DNA bending --- transcription factor dosage --- oligomer --- N-terminal prion protein --- copper binding --- prion disease mutations --- Nuclear pore complex --- FG-Nups --- phosphorylation --- coarse-grained --- CABS model --- MC simulations --- statistical force fields --- protein structure --- intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) --- neurodegenerative diseases --- aggregation --- drugs --- drug discovery --- plant virus --- eIF4E --- VPg --- potyvirus --- molten globule --- fluorescence anisotropy --- protein hydrodynamics