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Crystal growth is the key step of a great number of very important applications. The development of new devices and products, from the traditional microelectronic industry to pharmaceutical industry and many others, depends on crystallization processes. The objective of this book is not to cover all areas of crystal growth but just present, as specified in the title, important selected topics, as applied to organic and inorganic systems. All authors have been selected for being key researchers in their field of specialization, working in important universities and research labs around the world. The first section is mainly devoted to biological systems and covers topics like proteins, bone and ice crystallization. The second section brings some applications to inorganic systems and describes more general growth techniques like chemical vapor crystallization and electrodeposition. This book is mostly recommended for students working in the field of crystal growth and for scientists and engineers in the fields of crystalline materials, crystal engineering and the industrial applications of crystallization processes.

Crystal growth. --- Crystals --- Crystallization --- Grain boundaries --- Twinning (Crystallography) --- Growth --- Crystallography

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Crystals are indispensable in technology, nature, and our daily lives. For example, cooking uses many kinds of crystallized products, such as salt, sugar, and fat crystals; electronic devices contain semiconductor crystals; living organisms produce mineral crystals to maintain biological processes; and snow and ice crystals play a crucial role in climate change. For these and other topics related to crystals, an especially important area of research is crystal growth. Computer simulations of crystal growth have become increasingly important as a result of rapid increases in available computing power. Computer simulations can analyze and predict various aspects of crystal growth, including molecular-scale growth and nucleation mechanisms, the structure and dynamics of surfaces and interfaces, and pattern formation. This book presents state-of-the-art research and reviews of computer simulation studies on crystal growth for hard-sphere particles, organic molecules, ice, and functional materials. The studies use a variety of simulation methodologies, including molecular simulations, first-principles simulations, continuum simulations, and multiscale simulations. This book will interest graduate students and researchers in crystal growth science and technology and will provide a helpful reference for scientists who want to familiarize themselves with computer simulations of crystal growth.

Crystal growth. --- Crystals --- Crystallization --- Grain boundaries --- Twinning (Crystallography) --- Growth

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nanostructure --- nanotechnology --- nanomaterials --- nanocomposites --- Nanostructured materials --- Metallography --- Grain boundaries --- Grain boundaries. --- Metallography. --- Nanostructured materials. --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology --- Metals --- Microscopy --- Physical metallurgy --- Crystal grain boundaries --- Crystal growth --- Dislocations in crystals --- Twinning (Crystallography) --- Materials Science

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This Special Issue “Characterization of Nanomaterials” collects nine selected papers presented at the 6th Dresden Nanoanalysis Symposium, held at Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems in Dresden, Germany, on 31 August 2018. Following the specific motto of this annual symposium “Materials challenges—Micro- and nanoscale characterization”, it covered various topics of nanoscale materials characterization along the whole value and innovation chain, from fundamental research up to industrial applications. The scope of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of the current status, recent developments and research activities in the field of nanoscale materials characterization, with a particular emphasis on future scenarios. Primarily, analytical techniques for the characterization of thin films and nanostructures are discussed, including modeling and simulation. We anticipate that this Special Issue will be accessible to a wide audience, as it explores not only methodical aspects of nanoscale materials characterization, but also materials synthesis, fabrication of devices and applications.

physical vapor deposition --- magnetron sputtering --- AlN/Al coating --- silicon substrate --- residual stresses --- wafer curvature method --- nanoscale residual stress profiling --- indentation failure modes --- nanoindentation adhesion --- intermetallic phases --- growth kinetics --- Al–Ni system --- zinc oxide --- nanoparticles --- paper transistors --- printed electronics --- electrolyte-gated transistors --- microwave synthesis --- oxide dissociation --- doping --- rare earth ions --- upconversion --- liquid alloys --- 2D materials --- thin films --- Ga–Sn–Zn alloys --- gallium alloys --- nanoanalysis --- lithium-ion --- nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide (NMC) --- leaching --- recycling --- recover --- degradation --- SEM-EDX --- Raman spectroscopy --- resistive switching memories --- multi-level cell --- copper oxide --- grain boundaries --- aluminum oxide --- p-type TFT --- p-type oxide semiconductors --- SnO electrical properties --- oxide structure analysis --- ToF-SIMS 3D imaging --- compositional depth profiling --- high aspect ratio (HAR) structures --- silicon doped hafnium oxide (HSO) ALD deposition --- lateral high aspect ratio (LHAR) --- ToF-SIMS analysis --- n/a --- Al-Ni system --- Ga-Sn-Zn alloys --- nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC)

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The present collection of articles focuses on the mechanical strength properties at micro- and nanoscale dimensions of body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures. The advent of micro-pillar test specimens is shown to provide a new dimensional scale for the investigation of crystal deformation properties. The ultra-small dimensional scale at which these properties are measured is shown to approach the atomic-scale level at which model dislocation mechanics descriptions of crystal slip and deformation twinning behaviors are proposed to be operative, including the achievement of atomic force microscopic measurements of dislocation pile-up interactions with crystal grain boundaries or with hard surface coatings. A special advantage of engineering designs made at such small crystal and polycrystalline dimensions is the achievement of an approximate order-of-magnitude increase in mechanical strength levels. Reasonable extrapolation of macro-scale continuum mechanics descriptions of crystal strength properties at micro- to nano-indentation hardness measurements are demonstrated, in addition to reports on persistent slip band observations and fatigue cracking behaviors. High-entropy alloy, superalloy and energetic crystal properties are reported along with descriptions of deformation rate sensitivities, grain boundary structures, nano-cutting, void nucleation/growth micromechanics and micro-composite electrical properties.

crystal strength --- micro-crystals --- nano-crystals --- nano-polycrystals --- nano-wires --- whiskers --- pillars --- dislocations --- hardness --- crystal size dependencies --- fracture --- strain rate sensitivity --- temperature effect --- indentation size effect --- theoretical model --- nano-indentation --- crack growth --- dislocation models --- pile-ups --- kitagawa-takahashi diagram --- fracture mechanics --- internal stresses --- molecular dynamics simulations --- BCC Fe nanowires --- twin boundaries --- de-twinning --- micromechanical testing --- micro-pillar --- bi-crystal --- discrete dislocation pile-up --- grain boundary --- free surface --- anisotropic elasticity --- crystallographic slip --- molecular dynamics --- nanocutting --- iron --- cutting theory --- ab initio calculations --- hydrogen embrittlement --- cohesive strength --- multiaxial loading --- strain rate --- molecular dynamics simulation --- activation volume --- grain growth --- indentation creep --- size effect --- geometrically necessary dislocations --- FeCrAl --- micropillar --- dislocation --- strain hardening --- crystal plasticity simulations --- persistent slip band --- surface hard coating --- fatigue crack initiation --- fatigue --- cyclic deformation --- internal stress --- copper single crystal --- rafting behavior --- phase-field simulation --- crystal plasticity theory --- mechanical property --- ultrafine-grained materials --- intermetallic compounds --- B2 phase --- strain hardening behavior --- synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction --- HMX --- elastic properties --- linear complexions --- strength --- lattice distortive transformations --- dislocation emission --- grain boundaries --- nanomaterials --- Hall-Petch relation --- metals and alloys --- interfacial delamination --- nucleation --- void formation --- cracking --- alloys --- nanocrystalline --- thermal stability --- IN718 alloy --- dislocation plasticity --- twinning --- miniaturised testing --- in situ electron microscopy --- magnesium --- anode --- tin sulfide --- lithium ion battery --- conversion reaction --- nanoflower --- rapid solidification --- compression