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In recent years, artificial intelligence has increasingly been playing an essential role in diverse areas in medicine, assisting clinicians in patient management. In nephrology and transplantation, artificial intelligence can be utilized to enhance clinical care, such as through hemodialysis prescriptions and the follow-up of kidney transplant patients. Furthermore, there are rapidly expanding applications and validations of comprehensive, computerized medical records and related databases, including national registries, health insurance, and drug prescriptions. For this Special Issue, we made a call to action to stimulate researchers and clinicians to submit their invaluable works and present, here, a collection of articles covering original clinical research (single- or multi-center), database studies from registries, meta-analyses, and artificial intelligence research in nephrology including acute kidney injury, electrolytes and acid–base, chronic kidney disease, glomerular disease, dialysis, and transplantation that will provide additional knowledge and skills in the field of nephrology and transplantation toward improving patient outcomes.

tacrolimus --- C/D ratio --- tacrolimus metabolism --- everolimus --- conversion --- kidney transplantation --- gut microbiome --- renal transplant recipient --- diarrhea --- immunosuppressive medication --- gut microbiota --- 16S rRNA sequencing --- butyrate-producing bacteria --- Proteobacteria --- torquetenovirus --- immunosuppression --- transplantation --- immunosuppressed host --- outcome --- renal transplantation --- Goodpasture syndrome --- anti-GBM disease --- epidemiology --- hospitalization --- outcomes --- acute kidney injury --- risk prediction --- artificial intelligence --- patent ductus arteriosus --- conservative management --- blood pressure --- eradication --- interferon-free regimen --- hepatitis C infection --- kidney transplant --- allograft steatosis --- lipopeliosis --- transplant numbers --- live donors --- public awareness --- Google TrendsTM --- machine learning --- big data --- nephrology --- chronic kidney disease --- NLR --- PLR --- RPGN --- predictive value --- hemodialysis --- withdrawal --- cellular crescent --- global sclerosis --- procurement kidney biopsy --- glomerulosclerosis --- minimally-invasive donor nephrectomy --- robot-assisted surgery --- laparoscopic surgery --- organ donation --- living kidney donation --- MeltDose® --- LCPT --- renal function --- liver transplantation --- metabolism --- erythropoietin --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- death --- weekend effect --- in-hospital mortality --- comorbidity --- dialysis --- elderly --- klotho --- α-Klotho --- FGF-23 --- kidney donor --- Nephrology --- CKD-MBD --- CKD-Mineral and Bone Disorder --- deceased donor --- Eurotransplant Senior Program --- risk stratification --- intensive care --- kidney transplant recipients --- long-term outcomes --- graft failure --- cardiovascular mortality --- lifestyle --- inflammation --- vascular calcification --- bone mineral density --- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry --- living donation --- repeated kidney transplantation --- graft survival --- prolonged ischaemic time --- patient survival --- pre-emptive transplantation --- metabolomics --- urine --- acute rejection --- allograft --- cystatin C --- hyperfiltration --- kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 --- tubular damage --- genetic polymorphisms --- (cardiac) surgery --- inflammatory cytokines --- clinical studies --- chronic kidney disease (CKD) --- no known kidney disease (NKD) --- ICD-10 billing codes --- phenotyping --- electronic health record (EHR) --- estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) --- machine learning (ML) --- generalized linear model network (GLMnet) --- random forest (RF) --- artificial neural network (ANN), clinical natural language processing (clinical NLP) --- discharge summaries --- laboratory values --- area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) --- area under the precision-recall curve (AUCPR) --- fibrosis --- extracellular matrix --- collagen type VI --- living-donor kidney transplantation --- ethnic disparity

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Advances in immunosuppression and kidney transplant techniques have led to significant improvements in the short-term survival of the renal allograft. Long-term graft survival, however, has relatively lagged behind and has now become one of the main problems in kidney transplantation. In this Special Issue, we discuss the recent research developments in kidney transplants that may affect long-term allografts, as well as the survival of the patient. The latest developments in living kidney donation are also explored.

malondialdehyde --- oxidative stress --- new-onset diabetes --- renal transplantation --- BK virus --- BK virus nephropathy --- kidney allograft --- transplantation --- Alport syndrome --- children --- autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease --- epidemiology --- hospitalization --- kidney transplantation --- subarachnoid hemorrhage --- malignancy --- post-transplant malignancy --- renal cell carcinoma --- meta-analysis --- systematic reviews --- tacrolimus --- C/D-ratio --- pharmacokinetics --- opportunistic infection --- allograft survival --- urological complications --- ureteric stent --- urinary tract infection --- timing of removal --- living donor --- ethnicity --- age --- obesity --- genetic relationship donor/recipient --- atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome --- eculizumab --- glucose intolerance --- insulin secretion --- insulin resistance --- oral glucose tolerance test --- healthy subject --- hyperchloremia --- kidney graft dysfunction --- living donor kidney transplantation --- Uropathogenic E. coli --- UPEC --- phylogeny --- genomics --- antibiotic resistance --- virulence traits --- night-time renal transplantation --- graft survival --- patient survival/outcome --- surgical complications --- acute rejection --- lymphocyte --- CD45RC --- Belatacept --- cardiovascular high risk --- outcome --- machine perfusion --- organ preservation --- temperature --- hypothermic --- normothermic --- transplant --- proton-pump inhibitors --- iron --- iron deficiency --- polyomavirus --- BKV --- kidney --- glomerulus --- BKVAN --- nephropathy --- fluid management --- delayed graft function --- goal-directed fluid therapy --- calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxcity --- C/D ratio --- tacrolimus metabolism --- ADPKD --- native nephrectomy --- patient outcome --- perioperative complications --- epidermal growth factor --- creatinine --- graft failure --- renal transplantation. --- new onset diabetes after renal transplantation --- single nucleotide polymorphisms --- n/a --- urinary biomarkers --- α-GST --- π-GST --- nephrotoxicity --- urinary excretion of N1-methylnicotinamide --- mortality --- niacin status --- dietary intake --- tryptophan --- vitamin B3 --- Kidney transplant --- vitamin C --- cancer mortality --- oxidative stress. --- mycophenolic acid --- immunosuppression --- plasmapheresis --- oxalate --- hyperoxaluria --- kidney transplant recipients --- post-transplantation diabetes mellitus --- all-cause mortality --- cardiovascular mortality --- infectious mortality --- magnesium --- hypomagnesaemia --- cancer --- kidney transplant --- survival --- living kidney donation --- living-donor kidney transplantation --- beliefs --- inequity --- ischemia reperfusion injury --- innate immune system --- adaptive immune system --- apoptosis --- necrosis --- hypoxic inducible factor --- endothelial dysfunction --- proton pump inhibitor --- transplant rejection --- GFR --- insulin-like growth factor 1 --- growth hormone --- muscle mass --- patient survival --- physical activity --- renal transplant recipients --- kidney transplant (KT) --- donor-specific antibodies (DSA) --- C3d-binding assay --- antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) --- arsenic --- diet --- fish consumption --- post-transplant diabetes mellitus --- N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide --- N1-methylnicotinamide --- urinary excretion --- kidney function --- biomarker --- branched chain amino acids --- posttransplant diarrhea --- methanogenesis --- Methanosphaera stadtmanae --- mucins --- sulfate-reducing bacteria --- acute humoral rejection --- first-line therapy --- outcomes --- proteasome inhibitor --- renal transplant --- transplant recipients --- calcineurin inhibitors --- FK506 --- pharmacokinetic --- fast tacrolimus metabolizers