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This work presents the different stages in mango processing, from fruit delivery to dried mango marketing. It includes a detailed analysis of each operation: theoretical principles, equipment required, good practice in terms of usage and hygiene, quality management, "material" yields and energy consumption, labour requirements, etc. In addition to technical advice notes, readers will find a diagram of a mango drying unit, designs for a ventilated dryer, and a production manual for use in preparing for, monitoring and assessing drying campaigns. The guide is intended for managers of small- and medium- scale firms keen to improve operations at their production units, and entrepreneurs and project leaders interested in setting up mango drying units.

Mango --- Fruit --- Drying of fruit --- Evaporation of fruit --- Mangifera indica --- Mango tree --- Mangifera --- Drying. --- Evaporation --- Preservation --- fruit --- technical processing --- technical preservation

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This book represents an overview of the direct measurement techniques of evapotranspiration with related applications to the water use optimization in the agricultural practice and to the ecosystems study. Different measuring techniques at leaf level (porometry), plant-level (sap-flow, lysimetry) and agro-ecosystem level (Surface Renewal, Eddy Covariance, Multi layer BREB), are presented with detailed explanations and examples. For the optimization of the water use in agriculture, detailed measurements on transpiration demands of crops and different cultivars, as well as results of different irrigation schemes and techniques (i.e. subsurface drip) in semi-arid areas for open-field, greenhouse and potted grown plants are presented. Aspects on ET of crops in saline environments, effects of ET on groundwater quality in xeric environments as well as the application of ET to climatic classification are also depicted. The book provides an excellent overview for both, researchers and student,s who intend to address these issues.

Evapotranspiration. --- Consumptive use --- Water-supply --- Evaporation (Meteorology) --- Plants --- Transpiration --- Water requirements --- Agricultural engineering & machinery

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A new measurement concept was developed to determine the amount, variability and governing factors of evaporation from the Dead Sea. Additionally, a suitable indirect method to calculate evaporation is presented. Results show that vapour pressure deficit and wind speed are governing evaporation and that the diurnal cycle is determined by three distinct diurnal wind systems. The occurrence frequency and intensity of the wind systems are determined by local differential cooling and heating.

Measurements --- Messungen --- Verdunstung --- Energiebilanz --- periodische Windsysteme --- Energy Balance --- Periodic Wind Systems --- Evaporation

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Since the beginning of its formation approximately three billion years ago, the hydrosphere - as an envelope of the terrestrial ellipsoid - has remained constant from a quantitative point of view. The hydrosphere modifies only the ratio of the stretches of the planetary ocean and land, including the proportion of the states of water aggregation: gaseous, liquid, and solid.The hydrological cycle transports only a portion of the hydrosphere, repeats itself annually, and presents itself as a huge planetary plant that for billions of years has operated uninterruptedly on the basis of solar energy and gravity, providing freshwater resources for the maintenance and perpetuation of life beyond the planetary ocean.Water resources are highly influenced by the hydrologic cycle and play a role in agricultural economic development. However, as is shown by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, the phenomena of changing climate and land use are set to exacerbate an already serious situation of water supply for various users. In this context, scientific investigations into the issue of the sustainable use of water are timely and important. Improvement of water management involves the accurate estimation of consumptive uses. The purpose of this book is to show the achievements of scientists and academicians all over the world in promoting and sharing new issues on various topics related to evapotranspiration.

Evapotranspiration. --- Consumptive use --- Water-supply --- Evaporation (Meteorology) --- Plants --- Transpiration --- Water requirements --- Life Sciences --- Earth Science --- Hydrology --- Environmental Sciences

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The importance of evapotranspiration is well-established in different disciplines such as hydrology, agronomy, climatology, and other geosciences. Reliable estimates of evapotranspiration are also vital to develop criteria for in-season irrigation management, water resource allocation, long-term estimates of water supply, demand and use, design and management of water resources infrastructure, and evaluation of the effect of land use and management changes on the water balance. The objective of this Special Issue is to define and discuss several ET terms, including potential, reference, and actual (crop) ET, and present a wide spectrum of innovative research papers and case studies.

evapotranspiration --- machine learning --- local --- spatial --- subhumid climate --- agricultural drought --- drought characteristics --- evapotranspiration deficit index --- parameter sensitivity --- temporal scale sensitivity --- water stress anomaly --- interception --- linear storage model --- evaporation --- cover crop --- water balance --- faba bean --- GK2A/AMI --- artificial neural network --- Korean Peninsula --- CWSI --- UAV --- remote sensing --- micrometeorological data --- spatial IRT measurements --- crop irrigation scheduling and management --- infrared radiometer sensors --- real-time data analysis --- water reservoir --- regression --- observed data --- ERA5-Land data --- R language --- precipitation --- drought --- Mann–Kendall --- trend analysis --- actual evapotranspiration --- potential evapotranspiration --- reference evapotranspiration --- evaporation paradox --- global dimming --- wind stilling --- forest fires --- groundwater --- stochastic simulation --- marginal structure --- long-range dependence --- Hurst–Kolmogorov dynamics --- RASPOTION --- parametric model --- hydrological calibration --- evapotranspiration estimation --- urban rain gardens --- lysimeters --- evapotranspiration models --- n/a --- Mann-Kendall --- Hurst-Kolmogorov dynamics