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Early warning systems are supposed to deliver information about an emerging threat in order to allow persons and organizations to react accordingly. The design of an early warning system presents complex challenges to the system architects. For this, the present work provides a framework for the architecture of future early warning systems. Particular attention is paid to solve various architectural problems by means of semantic technologies and the automation of workflows.

Rahmenwerk --- semantic --- Systemarchitektur --- framework --- workflow --- system architecture --- Arbeitsabläufe --- Frühwarnsystem --- Semantik --- Early warning system

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Landslides are destructive processes causing casualties and damage worldwide. The majority of the landslides are triggered by intense and/or prolonged rainfall. Therefore, the prediction of the occurrence of rainfall-induced landslides is an important scientific and social issue. To mitigate the risk posed by rainfall-induced landslides, landslide early warning systems (LEWS) can be built and applied at different scales as effective non-structural mitigation measures. Usually, the core of a LEWS is constituted of a mathematical model that predicts landslide occurrence in the monitored areas. In recent decades, rainfall thresholds have become a widespread and well established technique for the prediction of rainfall-induced landslides, and for the setting up of prototype or operational LEWS. A rainfall threshold expresses, with a mathematic law, the rainfall amount that, when reached or exceeded, is likely to trigger one or more landslides. Rainfall thresholds can be defined with relatively few parameters and are very straightforward to operate, because their application within LEWS is usually based only on the comparison of monitored and/or forecasted rainfall. This Special Issue collects contributions on the recent research advances or well-documented applications of rainfall thresholds, as well as other innovative methods for landslide prediction and early warning. Contributions regarding the description of a LEWS or single components of LEWS (e.g., monitoring approaches, forecasting models, communication strategies, and emergency management) are also welcome.

loess landslide --- DAN-W --- numerical simulation --- dynamic analysis --- rainfall thresholds --- Bhutan --- shallow landslides --- landslides --- Idukki --- early warning system --- landslide hazard --- antecedent rainfall threshold --- landslide susceptibility --- satellite-derived rainfall --- TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis 3B42 (TMPA) --- tropical Africa --- rainfall --- thresholds --- physicallybased model --- hydrological monitoring --- soil water index --- large-scale landslide --- SWI–D threshold --- shallow landslide --- temporal probability --- landslide and debris flow --- China --- quantile regression --- Wayanad --- early warning --- GIS --- rainfall intensity --- optimization --- rainfall thresholds calculation --- mean annual rainfall --- lithology --- Slovenia --- n/a --- SWI-D threshold

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In recent decades, classical survey approaches have evolved and with the advent of new technologies and platforms, remote sensing systems have become popular and widely used in geosciences. Contactless devices are not invasive and allow for measuring without accessing the investigated area. This is an excellent advantage as earth surface processes often occur in remote areas and can be potentially dangerous or difficult to access. Satellite remote sensing offers the possibility of using multi-band high-resolution data over large areas. Therefore, it can be of great support for natural risk monitoring and analysis at a regional scale. On the other hand, terrestrial systems feature high spatial and temporal resolutions, which can assist in observing the evolution of fast and potentially dangerous phenomena. Therefore, proximal sensing systems are of great value for risk assessment and early warning procedures of natural hazards. This book focuses on recent and upcoming advances in the remote and proximal sensing monitoring of geologic hazards, warning procedures, and new data-processing techniques.

Research & information: general --- Geography --- multi-temporal interferometry --- mining --- salt dissolution --- MTInSAR --- sinkholes --- digital image correlation --- template matching --- natural hazards --- surface deformations --- optical remote sensing --- time-lapse camera --- 3D point cloud --- voxels --- supervoxels --- rock slope management --- classification --- knowledge extraction --- semantics --- object-oriented --- change detection --- Fengfeng mine --- mining deformation monitoring --- MSBAS --- multiplatform SAR data --- dense vegetation --- threshold --- landslide --- early warning system --- velocity --- water level --- GNSS --- lava --- volcanoes --- PlanetScope --- object-based image analysis --- SAR interferometry --- slope instability --- ground stability monitoring --- Sentinel-1 --- COSMO-SkyMed --- time series analysis --- rainfall-triggered landslides --- tropics --- statistical analysis --- CHIRPS --- multi-temporal image composite --- Jølster --- landslide database --- Sentinel-2 --- Google Earth Engine --- NDVI --- glacial landscape --- evolution characteristics --- state of activity --- earthquake --- rainfall --- the Bailong River basin --- n/a

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Risk measures play a vital role in many subfields of economics and finance. It has been proposed that risk measures could be analysed in relation to the performance of variables extracted from empirical real-world data. For example, risk measures may help inform effective monetary and fiscal policies and, therefore, the further development of pricing models for financial assets such as equities, bonds, currencies, and derivative securities.A Special Issue of “Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics” will be devoted to advancements in the mathematical and statistical development of risk measures with applications in finance and economics. This Special Issue will bring together the theory, practice and real-world applications of risk measures. This book is a collection of papers published in the Special Issue of “Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics” for Sustainability in 2018.

risk assessment --- VIX --- business groups --- SHARE --- asymptotic approximation --- European stock markets --- whole life insurance --- dynamic hedging --- risk-neutral distribution --- cooperative banks --- Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) --- group-affiliated --- early warning system --- factor models --- smoothing process --- GMC --- falsified products --- S&P 500 index options --- credit derivatives --- corporate sustainability --- term life insurance --- risk management --- crude oil --- financial stability --- social efficiency --- dynamic conditional correlation --- emerging market --- out-of-sample forecast --- financial crisis --- binomial tree --- news release --- green energy --- perceived usefulness --- Bayesian approach --- two-level optimization --- probability of default --- bank risk --- SYMBOL --- information asymmetry --- CoVaR --- probabilistic cash flow --- japonica rice production --- bank profitability --- Monte Carlo Simulations --- gain-loss ratio --- coherent risk measures --- Mezzanine Financing --- national health system --- option value --- conscientiousness --- online purchase intention --- Slovak enterprises --- spot and futures prices --- liquidity premium --- institutional voids --- utility --- random forests --- bankruptcy --- optimizing financial model --- sustainable food security system --- dynamic panel --- co-dependence modelling --- financial performance --- time-varying correlations --- Project Financing --- future health risk --- generalized autoregressive score functions --- volatility spillovers --- financial risks --- simulations --- life insurance --- emotion --- finance risk --- markov regime switching --- diversification --- production frontier function --- Granger causality --- health risk --- risks mitigation --- returns and volatility --- sadness --- low-income country --- the sudden stop of capital inflow --- bank failure --- China’s food policy --- objective health status --- IPO underpricing --- polarity --- climate change --- stock return volatility --- sentiment analysis --- empirical process --- full BEKK --- stochastic frontier model --- perceived ease of use --- volatility transmission --- openness to experience --- sustainability --- low carbon targets --- quasi likelihood ratio (QLR) test --- banking regulation --- sustainable development --- specification testing --- fossil fuels --- time-varying copula function --- tree structures --- monthly CPI data --- coal --- cartel --- regular vine copulas --- sustainability of economic recovery --- ANN --- EGARCH-m --- financial security --- leniency program --- financial hazard map --- uncertainty termination --- causal path --- stakeholder theory --- technological progress --- banking --- investment horizon --- regression model --- two-level CES function --- joy --- the optimal scale of foreign exchange reserve --- carbon emissions --- stochastic volatility --- B-splines --- self-perceived health --- sovereign credit default swap (SCDS) --- RV5MIN --- utility maximization --- credit risk --- policy simulation --- socially responsible investment --- portfolio selection --- scientific verification --- European banking system --- risk-free rate --- wild bootstrap --- medication --- investment profitability --- Amihud’s illiquidity ratio --- multivariate regime-switching --- inflation forecast --- risk aversion --- market timing --- need hierarchy theory --- variance --- diagonal BEKK --- conjugate prior --- risk --- moving averages --- financial risk --- risk measures