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Meiosis, the process of forming gametes in preparation for sexual reproduction, has long been a focus of intense study. Meiosis has been studied at the cytological, genetic, molecular and cellular levels. Studies in model systems have revealed common underlying mechanisms while in parallel, studies in diverse organisms have revealed the incredible variation in meiotic mechanisms. This book brings together many of the diverse strands of investigation into this fascinating and challenging field of biology.

Meiosis. --- Reduction division (Genetics) --- Cell division --- Karyokinesis --- Medical genetics

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To keep up with the ever-increasing data transmission speed needs, data center interconnects are scaling up to provide multi-Tbit/s connectivity. These links require a high number of WDM channels, while the associated transceivers should be compact and energy efficient. Scaling the number of channels, however, is still limited by the lack of adequate optical sources. In this book, we investigate novel chip-scale frequency comb generators as multi-wavelength light sources for Tbit/s WDM links.

Wavelength division multiplexing. --- Mode-locked lasers.

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In this book a novel optical switch is designed, developed, and tested. The switch integrates optical switching, transparent traffic aggregation/grooming, and optical regener-ation. Innovative switch subsystems are developed that enable these functionalities, including all-optical OTDM-to-WDM converters. High capacity ring interconnection between metro-core rings, carrying 130 Gbit/s OTDM traffic, and metro-access rings carring 43 Gbit/s WDM traffic is experimentally demonstrated. The developed switch features flexibility in bandwidth provisioning, scalability to higher traffic volumes, and backward compatibility with existing network implementations in a future-proof way.

All-Optical Regeneration --- Traffic Grooming and Aggregation --- Time Division Multiplexing --- Optical Communications --- Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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Samuel Cohn’s critical study of two Victorian British firms represents a radically new examination of women’s work. By contrasting the Post Office, which was the first employer to use female clerks instead of males, and the Great Western Railway, one of the last employers to make this change, Cohn identifies the organizational and economic limits to female employment. The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing challenges traditional accounts of clerical feminization that invoke cultural restrictions on women’s work, human capital theory, discrimination by co-workers, and the de-skilling of jobs. Further, Cohn puts forward an alternative theory of occupational sex-typing that emphasizes the high cost of male labor, differences between organizations in their ability to tolerate discrimination, the latent contradictions within internal labor markets, and competition to women from other sources of cheap labor.

Women --- Women clerks --- Sexual division of labor --- Employment --- History. --- Division of labor by sex --- Division of labor --- Sex role --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Clerks --- Industrial arbitration & negotiation

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Le nouvel ordre économique néolibéral modifie la division internationale du travail, ce qui entraîne un accroissement des populations migrantes de travailleurs et de travailleuses. Actuellement, une personne sur dix dans les régions développées est migrante, et les femmes représentent la moitié de ce nombre. Longtemps, pourtant, la figure du migrant a été représentée comme masculine, en raison des représentations stéréotypées ou erronées du rôle et de la place des femmes et des hommes dans les sociétés, et les recherches ou programmes relatifs aux migrants ont ignoré la composante féminine des migrations. Or, les femmes migrent bien, elles aussi. Une grande partie des femmes migrantes – même qualifiées – travaillent dans le secteur des soins ou des emplois domestiques. Le transfert international des soins et de l’attention aux autres (care) – sorte de nouvelle matière première extraite des pays du Sud pour être consommée dans les pays riches – est un nouvel échange inégal. Les espaces où se réalise le travail des migrantes restent souvent invisibles, lieus de peu de droits. Si les discriminations et les abus sont à dénoncer, l’image de victime accolée aux migrantes et cependant loin de convenir. La trajectoire migratoire demande pugnacité et courage. Et nous pouvons nous demander s’il ne s’agit pas du départ des personnes les plus combatives de la société… Les identités se transforment dans l’expérience de la migration : comme le dit l’une d’elles, « je ne suis plus celle que j’ai laissée derrière moi ». Des réseaux transnationaux se construisent, accompagnés d’une circulation d’idées, de nouvelles représentations, de projets, de flux financiers. En 2002, les revenus du travail des migrants atteignaient 73 milliards de dollars, un montant plus élevé que celui de l’aide internationale au développement. Un nouvel ordre colonial s’instaure avec la nouvelle division internationale du travail. Mais les migrations des femmes et des hommes à travers les pratiques sociales…

International division of labor --- Emigration and immigration --- Women immigrants --- Division internationale du travail --- Emigration et immigration --- Immigrantes --- Women alien labor. --- International division of labor. --- Globalization --- Emigrant remittances --- Social conditions. --- Social aspects. --- Women immigrants - Social conditions. --- Globalization - Social aspects. --- Emigrant remittances - Developing countries. --- droits humains --- relations sexuelles --- féminisme --- division sexuelle du travail --- commerce international --- femmes --- développement économique --- relations hommes-femmes --- commerce équitable