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truggle for existence, survival of the fittest ... It has long been believed that the use for political and social purposes of the theories of Charles Darwin was a specialty of the Anglo-Saxon countries only. Contrary to this generally accepted idea, the author maintains that a real Darwinian culture developed in France in the last century, far beyond the inner circle of scientists, and often against their will. For the attention to mediators of a scientific culture, this book shows how in his philosophical debates, religious and political, the France of the long nineteenth ecentury first expressed its fascination and then its reluctance for the new evolutionary ideas of Charles Darwin. The in-depth study of the phenomena of circulation, rooting or rejection of a scientific ideology ultimately sheds a singular light on the resistance of French scientists to Darwinian theories, resistance which made them fall far behind in the field of evolutionary biology.

Social Darwinism --- -Darwinism, Social --- -Social Darwinism --- Darwinism, Social --- Competition --- Social change --- Social conflict --- Social evolution --- Darwinisme social --- France --- History --- 18th-19th centuries --- Darwinism. --- Ideology. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Philosophy --- Political science --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Social Darwinism - France --- darwinisme social --- racisme --- Troisième République --- eugénisme

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Racism --- Racisme --- Social Darwinism --- Darwinisme social --- History --- Histoire --- Europe --- Race relations --- Ethnic relations --- Relations raciales --- Relations interethniques --- #A0308A --- 668.7 Racisme --- Darwinism, Social --- Bias, Racial --- Race bias --- Race prejudice --- Racial bias --- Council of Europe countries --- Ethnic relations. --- Race relations. --- Competition --- Social change --- Social conflict --- Social evolution --- Prejudices --- Anti-racism --- Critical race theory --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia

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Stringent ways of thinking, 'conceptual frameworks', are necessary in science. The drawback is that the associated assumptions, concepts, rules and practice may become so deeply entrenched that they turn into tacit knowledge and hence give rise to constraints in scientific thought and practice - that is, a new kind of plethora that seriously blinds and thereby hampers scientific progress. This book, 'A Unifying Theory of Evolution Generated by Means of Information Modelling', presents a methodology for describing complex knowledge domains. It applies a template information model based on a dynamic structure of interrelated functions, called the Mereon Matrix. Application of this template model to the field of evolutionary theories enabled the unification of the sometimes chaotic and competing field of evolutionary theories, large and small, seamlessly in a shared framework. The author has Masters degrees in both biochemistry and computer science, as well as a European Doctorate and PhD in health informatics and has spent 35 years in full-time research. It is her particular combination of professional experience and expertise together with the template information model which has enabled her to write this book. Whilst primarily aimed at a scientific audience, and evolutionary biologists in particular, the book will be of interest to all those looking for new approaches to exploring and explaining phenomena in nature, and because the text is largely non-technical in nature, much of the content will also be accessible to a wider readership.--

Evolution (Biology) --- Information theory in biology. --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biology --- Biomathematics --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Mereon Matrix --- biology --- knowledge domains --- evolution theories --- information model

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The average person can name more bird species than they think, but do we really know what a bird “species” is? This open access book takes up several fascinating aspects of bird life to elucidate this basic concept in biology. From genetic and physiological basics to the phenomena of bird song and bird migration, it analyzes various interactions of birds – with their environment and other birds. Lastly, it shows imminent threats to birds in the Anthropocene, the era of global human impact. Although it seemed to be easy to define bird species, the advent of modern methods has challenged species definition and led to a multidisciplinary approach to classifying birds. One outstanding new toolbox comes with the more and more reasonably priced acquisition of whole-genome sequences that allow causative analyses of how bird species diversify. Speciation has reached a final stage when daughter species are reproductively isolated, but this stage is not easily detectable from the phenotype we observe. Culturally transmitted traits such as bird song seem to speed up speciation processes, while another behavioral trait, migration, helps birds to find food resources, and also coincides with higher chances of reaching new, inhabitable areas. In general, distribution is a major key to understanding speciation in birds. Examples of ecological speciation can be found in birds, and the constant interaction of birds with their biotic environment also contributes to evolutionary changes. In the Anthropocene, birds are confronted with rapid changes that are highly threatening for some species. Climate change forces birds to move their ranges, but may also disrupt well-established interactions between climate, vegetation, and food sources. This book brings together various disciplines involved in observing bird species come into existence, modify, and vanish. It is a rich resource for bird enthusiasts who want to understand various processes at the cutting edge of current research in more detail. At the same time it offers students the opportunity to see primarily unconnected, but booming big-data approaches such as genomics and biogeography meet in a topic of broad interest. Lastly, the book enables conservationists to better understand the uncertainties surrounding “species” as entities of protection.

Zoology. --- Animal ecology. --- Evolution (Biology). --- Animal Ecology. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Zoology --- Ecology --- Natural history --- Evolutionary biology. --- Life sciences --- Animal ecology

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Cooperative Evolution offers a fresh account of evolution consistent with Charles Darwin's own account of a cooperative, inter-connected, buzzing and ever-changing world. Told in accessible language, treating evolutionary change as a cooperative enterprise brings some surprising shifts from the traditional emphasis on the dominance of competition. The book covers many evolutionary changes reconsidered as cooperation. These include the cooperative origins of life, evolution as a spiral rather than a ladder or tree, humans as a part of natural systems rather than the purpose, relationships between natural and social change, and the role of the individual in adaptive radiation onto new ground. The story concludes with a projection of human evolution from the past into the future.

Evolution (Biology) --- Darwin, Charles, --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Darwin, Charles, Robert --- science --- Myth --- Cooperation