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Cytomegalovirus infections. --- Cytomegaloviruses.

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Increasing age has been associated with an insufficient protection following vaccination and an increased incidence and severity of infectious diseases. The predicted acceleration of global population aging will accentuate the need to understand the mechanisms that drive the age-related decline of the immune system and to, eventually, identify strategies to lower the burden of infectious diseases in elderly people. One type of immune cell appears to be most dramatically affected by the aging process: T lymphocytes. Age-related changes of the bone marrow and the thymus microenvironment lead to a decreased thymic output of functional, naïve T lymphocytes. As T lymphocytes are key players of the adaptive immune system, this research topic will summarize our current understanding on how aging affects the microenvironmental niches and molecular networks that are important for the generation, survival and function of naïve, memory and effector T lymphocytes. This research topic will also address the impact of aging on the different T lymphocyte lineages, such as regulatory T cells and Th17 cells and how age-related changes of the microenvironment affect organ- and tissue-resident memory T lymphocytes. Eventually, the identification of a set of markers for immunosenescence would facilitate the design and application of more specific therapies and improved vaccines and vaccination strategies for elderly people, thereby increasing life and health span.

Aging. --- T cells --- Receptors. --- Autoimmunity --- Cytomegalovirus --- Regulatory T Cell --- Vaccination --- Aging --- Influenza Virus --- biomarker --- health span

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The innate immune system is the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections and sterile inflammation through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) resulting in the production of proinflammatory and antiviral cytokines and chemokines. Several damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which were released by passive or active mechanisms under sterile conditions, are additionally recognized by PRRs and can cause or even aggravate the inflammatory response. In this special issue many aspects of innate immunity are summarized. Mechanisms of different DAMPs to induce pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, functions of different immune cells, as well as the crosstalk between coagulation and innate immunity were described. Furthermore, aspects of autoinflammatory diseases, types of programmed cell death pathways, and insect immunity are covered. Finally, therapeutic options for the treatment of diseases related to autoimmunity or infections are suggested. Overall, this special issue presents a broad overview of activities related to sterile inflammation and defense mechanisms of innate immunity.

Medicine --- inflammation --- type I interferons --- interleukin-1β --- crosstalk --- hepatic non-parenchymal cells --- albumin --- chronic liver diseases --- bacteria --- cytomegalovirus --- endothelin receptor --- repurposing --- cell culture --- Drosophila suzukii --- hemocytes --- plasmatocytes --- extracellular traps --- HMGB1 --- RAGE --- TLR4 --- DAMP --- SIRT1 --- α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor --- nociceptor --- cancer --- COVID-19 --- proteostasis --- autoinflammation --- ribosomopathies --- proteinopathies --- proteasomopathies --- extracellular RNA --- cytokines --- macrophages --- endothelial cells --- toll-like receptors --- angiogenesis --- γδ T cells --- gamma delta T cells --- proliferation --- macrophage polarization --- neutrophils --- neutrophil extracellular traps --- NETs --- ischemia --- PANoptosis --- PANoptosome --- pyroptosis --- apoptosis --- necroptosis --- inflammatory cell death --- inflammasome --- innate immunity --- infection --- NLR --- caspase --- IRF1 --- ZBP1 --- RIPK1 --- RIPK3 --- MLKL --- NLRP3 --- AIM2 --- Pyrin --- caspase-1 --- ASC --- caspase-8 --- caspase-3 --- caspase-7 --- plasticity --- redundancy --- SMOC1 --- thrombin --- n/a

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The structure, uniformity, stability, and functions of virus-like particles (VLPs) have encouraged scientists to utilize them as a unique tool in various applications in biomedical fields. Their interaction with the innate immune system is of major importance for the adaptive immune response they induce. The innate immune cells and molecules recognize and interact with VLPs on the basis of two major characteristics: size and surface geometry. VLP-based vaccines against hepatitis B, human papilloma, malaria, and hepatitis E have been developed and are available in many countries around the world. Given the inherent immunogenicity of VLPs, they render themselves ideal for the development of new vaccines against infectious diseases as well as noncommunicable diseases, such as chronic inflammation or cancer. This Special Issue is designed to provide an up-to-date view of the latest progress in the development of VLP-based prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines and technologies for their generation.

virus-like particle --- influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 --- vaccination --- pregnant women --- antibody titers --- norovirus --- VLP --- vaccine --- genotype --- pre-existing immunity --- cross-reactivity --- blocking antibodies --- original antigenic sin (OAS) --- HPVs --- vaccines --- virus-like particles (VLPs) --- minor capsid protein (L2) --- HCMV --- cytomegalovirus --- nanoparticle --- immune response --- Sudan virus --- mice --- horse --- purified IgG --- long-lived plasma cells --- antibodies --- multivalency --- virus-like particles --- antigenic analysis --- epitope characterization --- hepatitis E vaccine --- serological evaluation --- virion-like epitopes --- well-characterized vaccines --- hepatitis B virus --- surface (envelope) antigen --- sub-viral particle --- capsid --- antigen display --- platform --- viral quantification --- NTA --- flow virometry --- SRFM --- cryo-TEM --- SEM --- plant virus --- virus-like --- vaccine platform --- epitope --- antigen --- cat allergy --- Fel d 1 --- HypoCat™ --- IL-13 --- interleukin-13 --- Tfh cells --- cancer --- immunotherapy --- H7N9 --- pandemic influenza A --- avian flu --- IAV --- VLP vaccine --- n/a

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Human lactation has evolved to produce a milk composition that is uniquely-designed for the human infant. Not only does human milk optimize infant growth and development, it also provides protection from infection and disease. More recently, the importance of human milk and breastfeeding in the programming of infant health has risen to the fore. Anchoring of infant feeding in the developmental origins of health and disease has led to a resurgence of research focused in this area. Milk composition is highly variable both between and within mothers. Indeed the distinct maternal human milk signature, including its own microbiome, is influenced by environmental factors, such as diet, health, body composition and geographic residence. An understanding of these changes will lead to unravelling the adaptation of milk to the environment and its impact on the infant. In terms of the promotion of breastfeeding, health economics and epidemiology is instrumental in shaping public health policy and identifying barriers to breastfeeding. Further, basic research is imperative in order to design evidence-based interventions to improve both breastfeeding duration and women's breastfeeding experience.

Cambodia --- milk metabolomics --- galactogogues --- adequate intake --- postnatal outcomes --- cytomegalovirus --- midwifery --- milk synthesis --- chromatography --- protein --- lactoferrin --- human lactation --- ultrasound skinfolds --- breastfed infants --- knowledge --- pregnancy --- casein --- SEA --- maternal factors --- ethnicity --- post-partum distress --- bottle --- composition --- feeding --- co-sleeping --- passive immunity --- glycerophosphocholine --- anthropometrics --- antimicrobial proteins --- professional support --- mothers of preterm infants --- responsive feeding --- lactating women --- peptidomics --- triiodothyronine --- preterm --- mother–infant physical contact --- expressing --- preterm infant --- appetite regulation --- justification of supplementation --- body composition --- zinc supplementation --- antibodies --- antisecretory factor --- proteolysis --- enteral nutrition --- Ecuador --- growth factors --- maternal responsiveness --- maternal wellbeing --- nipple shield --- microbiome --- maternal distress --- sodium --- thyroid --- maternal diet --- thyroxine --- IgA --- caesarean section --- raw breast milk --- colostrum --- fatty acids --- breast milk --- immune cells --- metabolites --- PEA --- premature --- mode of delivery --- endocannabinoids --- lipids --- practice --- fat synthesis --- attitudes --- feeding cues --- infant --- Docosahexaenoic acid --- Arachidonic acid --- GDM --- milk-acquired infections --- zinc deficiency --- ICP-OES --- social support --- infants --- omega-6 fatty acids --- infant health --- HGF --- omega-3 fatty acids --- OEA --- leptin --- milk metabolites --- Canada --- mother–infant interaction --- NMR spectroscopy --- lipidomics --- infection --- breastfeeding support --- prematurity --- phosphocholine --- immunity --- Quito --- sex-specificity --- choline --- paternal role --- inflammation --- docosahexaenoic acid --- partner support --- proximal care --- thyroid antibodies --- adipokines --- calculated daily intakes --- candida --- proton nuclear magnetic resonance --- N-acylethanolamines --- milk intake --- whey --- bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy --- breastfeeding --- n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid --- babywearing --- milk composition --- breastmilk --- obesity --- lactation --- infant growth --- formula supplementation --- early life nutrition --- adiponectin --- milk cells --- potassium --- human milk --- long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids --- Andean region --- Ireland --- mass spectrometry --- geographical location --- diet --- dietary recommendations --- TGF-? --- ion selective electrode --- plasma zinc --- barriers --- infant feeding --- human milk composition --- Breastfeeding