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This report assesses the state of Armenia's sanitation services, which are in poor shape, and proposes ways forward for reforming the sector by: ensuring equitable access by all and identifying solutions that work for the poorest and most remote communities; generating economies of scale and scope, and reducing both investment and operational costs for the efficient delivery of sanitation services; and moving towards sustainable cost recovery for the sanitation sector, by identifying how much funding can be mobilised from within the sector and how much external transfers are required. The state of Armenia's sanitation services are inadequate, with 51% of the population in rural areas using unimproved facilities, causing direct damage to the environment and exposing inhabitants to health risks, and better access but degraded sewerage-system infrastructure in urban areas, posing health hazards due to potential cross-contamination between sewage and drinking water. According to preliminary estimates, EUR 2.6 billion of investments will be required to meet Armenia's sanitation needs, with approximately EUR 1 billion needing to be spent in the next 7 to 10 years. Given the country's current economic situation, this investment will have to be spread over time and targeted to avoid further deterioration of infrastructure and increase of the financing gap.

Sanitation --- Sanitation. --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Economic aspects.

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"The Third African Sanitation and Hygiene Conference was held in Kigali, Rwanda in July 2011. It was hosted by the Government of the Republic of Rwanda, and the African Minister s Council on Water. The meeting attracted extraordinary interest: over 1000 people registered and nearly 900 people attended from a total of 67 countries, including representatives of 42 African countries. The content of AfricaSan 3 was aligned with the needs of countries as defined in country preparation meetings which took place in advance. AfricaSan 3 looked to address the country needs and to commitments and country action planning. Different groups (ministers, civil society, local government, utilities, and donors) committed to actions to support the goals of AfricaSan. The goal of the AfricaSan process is to support countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goal, (MDG) for sanitation and hygiene. Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa: Where do We Stand? takes stock of progress made by African countries through the AfricaSan process since 2008 and the progress needed to meet the MDG on sanitation by 2015 and beyond. This book addresses priorities which have been identified by African countries as the key elements which need to be addressed in order to accelerate progress. -- Reviews progress on implementing the eThekwini Declaration to meet the MDG for sanitation and progress generally in Africa. It analyses what is needed to accelerate the rate of access to sanitation in Africa. -- Shares advances in the evidence base on sanitation and hygiene in Africa to be able to assist decision-makers to overcome key blockages in implementing large-scale sanitation and hygiene programs. -- Raises the profile of sanitation and hygiene as a determinant of sustainable development in order to strengthen leadership and advocacy for sustained sanitation and behavior changes. This book is essential reading for government staff from Ministries responsible for sanitation, sector stakeholders working in NGOs, CSOs and agencies with a focus on sanitation and hygiene and water and sanitation specialists. It is also suitable for Masters courses in water and sanitation and for researchers and the donor community."

Sanitation --- Hygiene --- Body care --- Cleanliness --- Human body --- Personal body care --- Personal cleanliness --- Personal hygiene --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Care and hygiene --- Medicine, Preventive --- Health --- Environmental health --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- resources --- governance --- policy --- water treatment --- wastewater --- sludge --- environment --- reuse --- Africa --- Community-led total sanitation --- Hand washing --- Open defecation

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La fourniture de services d’approvisionnement en eau, d’assainissement et de traitement des eaux usées a des répercussions très favorables sur la santé publique, l’économie et l’environnement. Dans les pays en développement, le rapport avantages/coûts peut aller jusqu’à 7 pour 1 pour les services d’eau et d’assainissement de base. Les actions en matière de traitement des eaux usées, par exemple, peuvent s’accompagner d’effets très positifs en termes de santé publique et d’environnement, ainsi que pour certains secteurs économiques comme la pêche, le tourisme et le marché de l’immobilier. Les retombées favorables des services d’eau sont rarement considérées dans leur pleine mesure pour différentes raisons, notamment la difficulté de quantifier d’importants avantages non économiques tels que les valeurs de non-usage, la dignité, le statut social, la propreté et le bien-être général. Par ailleurs, les informations concernant les avantages liés aux services d’eau sont souvent enfouies dans des documents techniques et échappent aux principaux décideurs des ministères. Ce rapport réunit et résume les informations existantes sur les avantages de l’eau et de l’assainissement.

Sanitation -- Finance. --- Water resources development -- Finance. --- Business & Economics --- Agricultural Economics --- Water resources development --- Sanitation --- Finance. --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering

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This report evaluates how well EECCA countries have done in ensuring people’s access to adequate water supply and sanitation services since their Economic, Finance, and Environment Ministers adopted the Almaty Guiding Principles to support such efforts in 2000. Besides looking at trends in the technical and financial performance of the water sector, the report analyses the results of institutional reforms at different levels of governance, as well as financing arrangements. Analysis focuses mainly on urban areas, but some of the challenges in rural areas are also examined. The report draws policy recommendations to help countries stem the decline in the sector’s performance that has occurred over the last decade, despite opportunities provided by rapid economic growth in many EECCA countries in this period.

Sanitation -- Asia, Central. --- Sanitation -- Caucasus. --- Sanitation -- Europe, Eastern. --- Water-supply -- Asia, Central. --- Water-supply -- Caucasus. --- Water-supply -- Europe, Eastern. --- Business & Economics --- Agricultural Economics --- Water-supply --- Sanitation --- Water resources development --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Availability, Water --- Water availability --- Water resources --- Energy development --- Natural resources --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Public utilities --- Water utilities

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In both OECD and non-OECD countries the water sector is facing the challenges of increased competition for water resources, deteriorating water quality, and the effects of climate change and poor management. In this context, how can countries ensure access to adequate, sustainable and affordable water and sanitation services for all?   Pricing water-related services is an essential part of the answer. This report compiles reliable and comparable data on pricing water and on water supply and sanitation services across OECD countries. It sheds additional light on such policy issues as the choice of tariff structures for water services, cost recovery for water services and affordability.

Sanitation -- Rates -- OECD countries. --- Sanitation -- Rates. --- Water-supply -- Rates -- OECD countries. --- Water-supply -- Rates. --- Water --- Sanitation --- Water utilities --- Agricultural Economics --- Business & Economics --- Rates --- Environmental aspects --- Water-supply --- Rates. --- Prices. --- Finance. --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Availability, Water --- Water availability --- Water resources --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Natural resources --- Public utilities --- Water resources development --- Hydrology --- Prices --- Finance