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Atomic processes in plasmas and gases encompass broad areas in theoretical, experimental, atomic and molecular physics. One example is atomic processes that are involved in the study of various plasmas over a wide range of electron densities and temperatures. The topics in this area covered in the present book include magnetic fusion plasmas, laser-produced plasmas, as well as plasma spectroscopy for all of the above applications. Another example is atomic and molecular processes in neutral gases. Rydberg polar molecules in particular are covered in this book.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- generalized Hamiltonian dynamics --- spherical harmonic oscillator --- classical non-radiating stationary states --- algebraic symmetry of classical systems --- polar molecule --- Rydberg electron --- classical motion --- periodic orbits --- quantum linear oscillator --- chirped laser pulse --- photoexcitation --- laser–plasma interactions --- plasma dynamics and flow --- hypersonic flows --- optical emission spectroscopy --- hydrogen --- cyanide --- Abel inversion --- astrophysics --- white dwarf stars --- charge exchange --- cross section --- tokamak plasmas --- spectroscopy --- plasma spectroscopy --- polarization --- Lyman-alpha --- nuclear fusion --- space-time couplings --- spatiotemporal --- ultrafast optics --- unipolar pulses --- few cycle pulses --- n/a --- laser-plasma interactions

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The innovative coating and surface hardening technologies developed in recent years allow us to obtain practically any physical–mechanical or crystal–chemical complex properties of the metalworking tool surface layer. Today, the scientific approach to improving the operational characteristics of the tool surface layers produced from traditional tools industrial materials is a highly costly and long-lasting process. Different technological techniques, such as coatings (physical and chemical methods), surface hardening and alloying (chemical-thermal treatment, implantation), a combination of the listed methods, and other solutions are used for this. This edition aims to provide a review of the current state of the research and developments in the field of coatings and surface hardening technologies for cutting and die tools that can ensure a substantial increase of the work resource and reliability of the tool, an increase in productivity of machining, accuracy, and quality of the machined products, reduction in the material capacity of the production, and other important manufacturing factors. In doing so, the main emphasis should be on the results of the engineering works that have had a prosperous approbation in a laboratory or real manufacturing conditions.

hierarchical structure --- multilayer PVD coating --- stochastic process --- convection and diffusion --- reactive magnetron sputtering --- argon --- nitrogen and ethylene --- TaSi2 --- Ta3B4 and ZrB2 --- SHS and hot pressing --- composition and structure --- hardness and elastic modulus --- friction coefficient and wear resistance --- oxidation resistance --- diamond-like coatings --- nitride sublayer --- index of plasticity --- adhesive bond strength --- end mills --- hard alloy --- wear resistance --- milling of aluminum alloys --- milling of structural steels --- surface quality --- modeling --- carbon flux --- low-pressure vacuum carburizing --- medium-high alloy steel --- nanolayered PVD coating --- microdroplets --- crack formation --- tool wear --- nanolayered coating --- microparticles --- monocrystalline --- high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) diamond --- chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond --- high-fluence ion irradiation --- Ar+ --- C+ --- SEM --- AFM --- Raman spectra --- electrical conductivity --- AlCr-based --- CrAl-based --- (AlCrX)N --- (Al1−xCrx)2O3 --- arc --- HiPIMS --- nanolayers --- nanocomposite --- structure --- properties --- roughness --- coatings --- finish turning --- PCBN --- tempered steel --- micro cutters --- cutting edges --- wear-resistance --- coating deposition --- adhesion --- plasma --- ions --- charge exchange collisions --- fast gas atoms --- etching --- sharpening --- diamond-like carbon coating --- high-speed milling --- nickel alloy --- SiAlON --- spark plasma sintering --- adaptive coating --- adaptive material --- composite powder HSS --- cutting tool --- secondary structures --- surface layer --- thermal-force loads