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To celebrate the 270th anniversary of the De Gruyter publishing house, the company is providing permanent open access to 270 selected treasures from the De Gruyter Book Archive. Titles will be made available to anyone, anywhere at any time that might be interested. The DGBA project seeks to digitize the entire backlist of titles published since 1749 to ensure that future generations have digital access to the high-quality primary sources that De Gruyter has published over the centuries.
Cacao --- History. --- Chocolate tree --- Cocoa tree --- Theobroma cacao --- Theobroma
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Almost five million tonnes of cocoa produced annually drives the US$100 billion global chocolate industry. To sustain the industry, cacao planting materials (seeds and clones) have been successfully moved from the Amazon forests in America to the humid tropical forests of Africa, Asia, and Australia. In more than 150 years of commercial cacao cultivation, smallholder farmers that supply the bulk of cocoa beans still face several production constraints that impede their efficiency. Scientific technologies have therefore been deployed to remove these constraints by ensuring a continuous supply of good quality cocoa beans to meet growing global demand. This book provides insight into these scientific advances to address these current and emerging problems and to assure the sustainability of the global cocoa industry.
Cacao. --- Cocoa. --- Plant products --- Cooking (Cocoa) --- Chocolate tree --- Cocoa tree --- Theobroma cacao --- Theobroma --- Botany & plant sciences
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Respectueux de l'environnement et garantissant une sécurité alimentaire soutenue par la diversification des productions et des revenus qu'ils procurent, les systèmes agroforestiers apparaissent comme un modèle prometteur d'agriculture durable dans les pays du Sud les plus vulnérables aux changements globaux. Cependant, ces systèmes agroforestiers ne peuvent être optimisés qu'à condition de mieux comprendre et de mieux maîtriser les facteurs de leurs productions. L'ouvrage présente un ensemble de connaissances récentes sur les mécanismes biophysiques et socio-économiques qui sous-tendent le fonctionnement et la dynamique des systèmes agroforestiers. Il concerne, d'une part les systèmes agroforestiers à base de cultures pérennes, telles que cacaoyers et caféiers, de régions tropicales humides en Amérique du Sud, en Afrique de l'Est et du Centre, d'autre part les parcs arborés et arbustifs à base de cultures vivrières, principalement de céréales, de la région semi-aride subsaharienne d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Il synthétise les dernières avancées acquises grâce à plusieurs projets associant le Cirad, l'IRD et leurs partenaires du Sud qui ont été conduits entre 2012 et 2016 dans ces régions. L'ensemble de ces projets s'articulent autour des dynamiques des systèmes agroforestiers et des compromis entre les services de production et les autres services socio-écosystémiques que ces systèmes fournissent.
Tropical agriculture: practice & techniques --- Afrique --- agriculture --- Amérique Latine --- cacao --- café --- développement durable --- développement économique --- économie --- environnement --- forêt
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Le Cameroun méridional est l'une des principales régions productrices de cacao du pays. Depuis le début du siècle, cette culture a peu à peu envahi les terroirs villageois, évinçant même le café. Vingt-cinq ans après l'Indépendance, sa progression continue. L'économie agricole régionale, extravertie, dépend des cours mondiaux du cacao qui ne cessent de se dégrader. La détérioration de la situation économique des planteurs va de pair avec le rapide essor de la capitale, Yaoundé, qui polarise de forts mouvements migratoires. Le problème crucial que pose actuellement l'avenir de la culture du cacao est analysé du point de vue des paysans, à travers deux cas concrets, deux villages très différents par leur environnement, leur population, leur degré d'enclavement. L'originalité de l'approche est double. D'une part, elle privilégie l'étude des terroirs, moyen d'investigation le mieux adapté pour saisir les rapports complexes unissant les paysans et l'espace qu'ils exploitent. D'autre part, en présentant les villages à deux époques différentes, l'étude acquiert une dimension temporelle permettant de discerner les tendances longues. Les multiples conséquences de la culture du cacao sur les systèmes de production, la concurrence entre les plantations et les cultures vivrières, la dépendance des paysans vis-à-vis des cultures de rente, sont autant de questions d'actualité, au moment où l'effondrement des cours laisse présager la chute de l'« empire » du cacao. Ce problème dépasse largement les frontières du Cameroun. C'est celui de tous les pays exportateurs de produits tropicaux.
Economics --- période coloniale --- histoire --- Cameroun --- changement social --- terroir --- relations ville-campagne --- société rurale --- population rurale --- système de culture --- économie rurale --- système de production --- culture vivrière --- économie de plantation --- émigration --- système foncier --- cacao --- superficie cultivée --- activité non agricole --- étude comparative --- stagnation économique --- Beti --- Eton --- Bulu
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L'économie de plantation en Côte d'ivoire forestière repose, dans son modèle dominant, sur une caféiculture et une cacaoculture extensives. La présente étude, produit d'une recherche de terrain conduite de 1983 à 1985, vise à cerner le devenir de ce modèle dans une ancienne zone pionnière de Basse-Côte, à partir de l'analyse approfondie d'une économie villageoise mise en perspective par des enquêtes réalisées dans d'autres villages de la région. La mutation de l'économie agricole est appréhendée à travers l'évolution des systèmes de culture, de production et d'exploitation. La dynamique des systèmes de culture est marquée par la disparition du caféier et du cacaoyer, par la régression de certaines productions vivrières, et par le développement de cultures comme le palmier à huile, l'ananas ou le manioc. La dynamique des systèmes de production est caractérisée par une monétarisation des coûts de production et une intensification de la production, à des degrés variables selon les cultures. La dynamique des systèmes d'exploitation conjugue la valorisation monétaire du facteur foncier et l'apparition d'un groupe de producteurs ayant un accès précaire à la terre, devenue une ressource rare. Les formes de rémunération de la main-d'œuvre sont modifiées ; des relations contractuelles se développent, liant les unités de production à des complexes agro-industriels. La mutation de l'économie agricole est expliquée, dans ses traits généraux, par la conjonction de plusieurs facteurs : épuisement des réserves forestières, blocage du renouvellement de l'économie caféière et cacaoyère dans le contexte agro-pédologique régional, et apparition d'opportunités de diversification des cultures liée à l'intervention de sociétés de développement. L'étude s'attache à faire apparaître la diversité des contraintes qui pèsent à l'échelle des unités de production, et des réponses qui leur sont apportées. L'analyse des décisions paysannes souligne la nécessité de concevoir la logique…
Economics --- Planning & Development --- polyculture --- café --- exploitation agricole --- système de culture --- économie rurale --- culture vivrière --- culture de rente --- économie de plantation --- Côte d'Ivoire --- hévéa --- accès a la terre --- stratégie paysanne --- plantation villageoise --- système foncier --- paysan sans terre --- zone forestière --- cacao --- palmier à huile --- arboriculture --- ananas --- cocotier
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De praktijk van de vrije handel in grondstoffen leidt ertoe dat vele koffieplanters , cacaoboeren en bananentelers op de rand van het bestaansminimum belanden. Zij staan aan het begin van de productieketen en moeten concurreren op een wereldmarkt waar de concurrentie moordend is. Zo raken ze op den duur hun broodwinning kwijt. David Ransom vertelt het verhaal van de mensen achter de dingen die wij kopen. En hij laat zien dat wij de consumenten, een bijdrage kunnen leveren door de juiste producten te kopen, waarvan sommige gewoon al in de supermarkt te vinden zijn. Dit boek is een must voor iedereen die geïnteresseerd is in eerlijke handel.
Aide aux pays en voie de développement --- Commerce international --- Internationale handel --- Ontwikkelingshulp --- eerlijke productenhandel --- 339.54 --- 658.89 --- #gsdbS --- 221 Ontwikkelingssamenwerking --- 339.5 --- 354.7 --- Ontwikkelingssamenwerking --- consumentengedrag --- duurzaam ondernemen --- ontwikkelingshulp --- eerlijke handel --- cacao --- Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel --- Purchasers as objects of sales effort. Prospective customers, clients --- Europese politiek - Europees federalisme --- Vraagstuk der ontwikkelingsgebieden en -landen ; algemeen --- 658.89 Purchasers as objects of sales effort. Prospective customers, clients --- 339.54 Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel
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The impacts of climate change on crop production are already a reality in Europe and across the rest of the world. In order to mitigate these impacts, access to unexploited genetic crop diversity for the production of new varieties that can thrive in more extreme environmental conditions is of prime importance. Herein, genetic diversity should provide the raw materials for breeding and plant improvements. Despite the vast pool of resources that exist, much of the germplasm richness found in gene banks is poorly documented. To overcome the barriers between germplasm conservation and use, a complete evaluation is necessary to determine the useful diversity they contain.This Special Issue focuses on “Old Germplasm for New Needs: Managing Crop Genetic Resources”. We gathered novel research, reviews, and opinion pieces covering all related topics, including germplasm evaluation, crop genetics and improvements, novel crops, phenotyping, physiological responses of inbred lines, management solutions, modeling, case studies from the field, and policy positions.
aromatic rice --- local variety --- gelatinization temperature --- badh2-E7 allele --- population structure --- Criollo cacao --- microsatellites --- genetic purity --- Central America --- Axiom 35K Wheat Breeders array --- genetic diversity --- wheat genotyping --- Solanum lycopersicum --- agro-biodiversity --- crops --- breeding --- DNA markers --- black soybean --- green cotyledon --- anthocyanin --- chlorophyll --- Lactuca sativa L. --- crisphead --- oak-leaf --- root system architecture --- tipburn --- nutritional imbalance --- breeding lines --- landraces --- phenotypic traits --- molecular markers --- almond descriptors --- conservation --- endangered cultivars --- fruit quality --- genetic resources --- Prunus dulcis --- MTSI --- multi-environment --- soybean --- seed compositions --- WAASB --- barley --- germplasm --- Hordeum vulgare --- landrace --- DArTseq --- anthocyanins --- black carrot --- bolting --- flavonoids --- glasshouse cultivation --- leaf --- nutrient analysis --- taproot --- n/a
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This Special Issue comprises articles related to the effects of genotype and processing conditions on the phenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity of cocoa-derived products, isolation and characterization of antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols and melanoidins from cocoa beans, and assessment of the antioxidant, antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects of cocoa beans and cocoa-derived products. The results of these studies show that it is possible to maintain or increase the biological activity of cocoa beans and their derived products (cocoa powder and chocolate) by choosing appropriate processing conditions and cocoa genotype and origin. The papers published in this Special Issue confirm that cocoa beans and cocoa by-products can be considered as an attractive source material for manufacturing of functional foods and nutraceuticals. This is because they contain many bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, including flavonoids (proanthocyaninidins, monomeric flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanins) and phenolic acids, as well as melanoidins. Finally, the in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the importance of cocoa antioxidants for the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammation.
cocoa --- chocolate --- polyphenols --- antioxidants --- melanoidins --- theobroma cacao L. --- total phenolic compounds --- antioxidant capacity --- metal-chelating ability --- fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- flavan-3-ol --- procyanidin --- α-glucosidase --- melanoidin --- Maillard reaction --- (–)-epicatechin --- borderline hypertensive rats --- nitric oxide --- redox balance --- iron --- Nrf2 --- PPAR-γ --- open field --- cocoa by-products --- cherry extract --- oxidative stress --- human endothelial cell --- roasting --- catechin --- epicatechin --- total phenolic content --- Criollo cocoa --- kinetic --- flavonoids --- cocoa extract --- ischemia-reperfusion injury --- apoptosis --- inflammatory markers --- conching --- milk chocolate --- milk powder --- protein --- antioxidant activity --- solid–liquid kinetic extraction --- polyphenol oxidase --- cocoa polyphenols --- heat treatment --- enzyme inactivation --- n/a --- (-)-epicatechin --- solid-liquid kinetic extraction --- Research. --- Biology. --- Food --- Social aspects.
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The ability to exploit the potential of wild relatives carrying beneficial traits is a major goal in breeding programs. However, it relies on the possibility of the chromosomes from the crop and wild species in interspecific crosses to recognize, associate, and undergo crossover formation during meiosis, the cellular process responsible for producing gametes with half the genetic content of their parent cells. Unfortunately, in most cases, a barrier exists preventing successful hybridization between the wild and crop chromosomes. Understanding the mechanisms controlling chromosome associations during meiosis are of great interest in plant breeding and will allow chromosome manipulation to introduce genetic variability from related species into a crop. In addition to interspecific hybrids, other materials, such as natural and synthetic polyploids and introgression lines derived from allopolyploids, among others, are powerful tools in the framework of plant breeding. For example, an extra pair of alien chromosomes in the full genome complement of a crop species has been frequently used as a first step to access genetic variation from the secondary gene pool in breeding programs. In addition, such introgression lines are also pivotal in the study of interspecific genetic interactions, in the chromosomal location of genetic markers, and in the study of chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and meiotic cells. Contained in this Special Issue are accounts of original research, including new tools to identify chromosome introgressions and the development and characterization of introgression lines and interspecific hybrids carrying desirable agronomic traits for plant breeding purposes. Also included are reviews about the chromosome engineering of tropical cash crops and the effect of chromosome structure on chromosome associations and recombination during meiosis to allow chromosome manipulation in the framework of plant breeding.
fluorescence in situ hybridization --- mini-satellite --- tandem repeats --- wheat --- starch --- tritordeum --- waxy proteins --- wheat quality --- wild barley --- grain colour --- Hordeum chilense --- wheat introgression --- rye --- 5R dissection line --- PCR-based markers --- physical map --- stripe rust --- chromosome rearrangements --- meiotic recombination --- crossover distribution --- Triticeae --- barley --- anatomy --- citrus --- flow cytometry --- histogenic layer --- polyploidy breeding --- Aegilops --- centric breaks --- chromosome fusion --- Robertsonian translocations --- telosomic chromosomes --- triticale --- wheat bread-making gene --- introgression --- PCR markers --- tropical cash crops --- coffee --- cacao --- papaya --- chromosome engineering --- synthetic biology --- meiosis --- chromosome pairing --- non-homologous recombination --- cytogenetics --- alien chromosome --- polyploidy --- aneuploidy
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Nanomaterials possess astonishing physical and chemical properties. They play a key role in the development of novel and effective drugs, catalysts, sensors, and pesticides, to cite just a few examples. Notably, the synthesis of nanomaterials is usually achieved with chemical and physical methods needing the use of extremely toxic chemicals or high-energy inputs. To move towards more eco-friendly processes, researchers have recently focused on so-called “green synthesis”, where microbial, animal-, and plant-borne compounds can be used as cheap reducing and stabilizing agents to fabricate nanomaterials. Green synthesis routes are cheap, environmentally sustainable, and can lead to the fabrication of nano-objects with controlled sizes and shapes—two key features determining their bioactivity.
anti-fungal --- chitosan --- graphene oxide --- n/a --- energy density --- sponges --- Escherichia coli --- filariasis --- titanium dioxide nanoparticles --- synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) --- green synthesis --- ionic nanocomplexes --- methylene blue --- cacao --- mesoporous materials --- polyol-assisted fluoride ions slow-release strategy --- stored product insects --- polyarginine --- solvothermal synthesis --- agricultural pests --- time dependence --- magnetic nanomaterials --- in vitro testing --- poly-L-lactic acid --- Raman spectroscopy --- sample preparation --- self-assembly --- solid carbon spheres --- crystallographic phase control --- microwave injured cells --- CuInS2 --- antimicrobial --- ZnO NPs --- Scadoxus multiflorus --- lipase --- mosquito control --- biocatalysis --- hyaluronic acid --- hybrid nanoflowers --- Desulfovibrio desulfuricans --- reduced graphene oxide --- ovicidal --- enzyme immobilization --- palladium nanoparticles --- non-cytotoxic --- photocatalysis --- insecticides --- ultrasonic dispersing (USD) --- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy --- cell proliferation --- CVD process --- NaYF4 mesocrystals --- microwave energy --- leaf --- dengue --- hollow carbon spheres --- gum kondagogu --- functionalization --- silver nanoparticles --- larvicidal --- nanostructured --- plasma --- electrical conductivity --- larvicides --- TEM --- nanomaterials (NMs) --- carbon spheres
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