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This reprint focuses on exercise and physical activity research among people living with diabetes and covers a broad overview of exercise-related topics. These range from short-term effects of exercise and using daily activity measurements as vital signs in diabetes care centers to the health and fitness benefits of resistance and aerobic exercise training of all kinds, exercise prescription as a form of complementary medicine, as well as the challenges faced by children and/or adults regarding exercise programming at the community level. The goal was to cover a broad range of diabetes research, including all forms of diabetes mellitus across all life spans.

Medicine --- football --- sports --- prevalence --- diabetes mellitus --- physical activity --- pediatric --- clinical exercise --- sport medicine --- diabetes --- Nordic walking --- postmenopausal women --- fatty liver disease --- bone markers --- bone mineral density --- exercise --- resistance training --- menopause --- women --- type 1 diabetes --- Brain Breaks® --- video exercise --- decisional balance --- repeated measures --- A1C --- athletes --- blood glucose --- diet --- CGM --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- diabetic neuropathy --- surface electromyography --- fatigue --- accelerometer --- hyperglycemia --- interval training --- blood pressure --- physical exercise --- heart rate --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- yoga --- muscle strength --- physical fitness --- maximal oxygen uptake --- VO2 max --- type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) --- adolescents --- exercise testing --- n/a

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The maintenance of optimal musculoskeletal health is increasingly recognized as a key element for promoting overall health and fostering independent living in advanced age. Growing evidence indicates that nutrition, together with an active lifestyle, plays a central role in supporting musculoskeletal health both aging and in the setting of specific disease conditions. This Special Issue of Nutrients, entitled “Nutrition for Musculoskeletal Health”, includes original research and review contributions highlighting the relevance of nutrition to musculoskeletal health during aging and in the context of specific diseases. The overarching theme of the Special Issue is addressed through a multidisciplinary set of articles embracing clinical, basic science, and translational studies.

lactate --- skeletal muscle --- hypertrophy --- regeneration --- muscle satellite cell --- amino acids intake --- essential amino acids --- diet --- extended lifespan --- mice --- bone metabolism --- bone mineral density --- bone remodelling --- citrate supplement --- osteopenia --- osteoporosis --- kidney diseases --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis --- Hochu-ekki-to --- herbal medicine --- muscle dysfunction --- motor neuronal cell death --- sarcopenia --- EWGSOP2 --- malnutrition --- GLIM --- SarcoPhAge --- nutrition --- oral health --- older people --- swallowing --- life course approach --- muscle wasting --- exercise --- kidney disease --- aging --- muscle --- amino acids --- metabolism --- systemic inflammation --- profiling --- biomarkers --- multi-marker --- physical performance --- gut microbiota --- metabolomics --- systems biology --- personalized medicine --- frailty --- precision medicine --- metabolic profiling --- weight loss --- intermittent fasting --- fat loss --- body composition

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an established inherited amino acid disorder with a very traditional dietary therapy, but there is still more to learn and verify about its nutritional composition, application and overall effectiveness. Although in the 1950s, the first patient successfully treated with diet therapy patently established the role of a low phenylalanine protein substitute, in present times, it is still necessary to characterise the most effective source of artificial protein; defining its optimal amino acid profile; and identifying nutrient modulation that will improve the functionality of protein substitutes. It is also important to understand the impact of a life-long synthetic diet on gut microbiota, metabolomics and inflammatory status. In early-treated patients with PKU, it is unclear if co-morbidities such as overweight, obesity, hypertension and diabetes are higher than in the general population and if these are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is also uncertain if overweight and obesity in PKU is related to early dietary practices, the nutritional composition of protein substitutes and special low-protein foods, impact of the dietary treatment on satiety, disordered eating patterns, non-adherence with the low phenylalanine diet and poor metabolic control, or if this is even a consequence of the disorder. In a generation of ageing patients, the impact of intermittent and suboptimal dietary adherence on nutritional status deserves systematic study.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- phenylketonuria --- special low protein foods --- nutritional composition --- UK --- macronutrients --- phenylketonuria (PKU) --- consensus --- Delphi method --- food labelling --- phenylalanine --- Phe --- protein --- exchanges --- PKU --- glycomacropeptide --- amino acid --- absorption --- diet therapy --- protein substitute --- gastrointestinal symptoms --- prolonged release --- satiety --- macronutrient intake --- protein content --- free from --- gluten free --- aspartame --- sugar tax --- phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency --- hyperphenylalaninemia --- medical formula --- amino acid mixture --- tetrahydrobiopterin --- sapropterin --- BH4 --- body composition --- bone mineral density --- bone turnover markers --- osteoporosis --- blood biochemistry --- casein glycomacropeptide --- amino acid protein substitute --- low-protein diet --- newborn screening --- metabolic control --- guidelines --- nitrogen balance --- amino acid catabolism --- blood urea nitrogen --- body mass index --- obesity --- overweight --- phenylalanine restriction --- phenylalanine-restricted diet --- food --- school --- IHCP --- parent/caregiver experiences --- England --- prescribing patterns --- costs --- adult phenylketonuria --- standard operating procedure --- inherited metabolic disorders --- dietary management --- eating out --- low protein food --- restaurants --- amino acids --- adherence --- epigenetics --- health --- preconception --- women --- dietary patterns --- food frequency questionnaire --- validation --- reproducibility

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Eating Disorders have traditionally been considered apart from public health concerns about increasing obesity. It is evident that these problems are, however, related in important ways. Comorbid obesity and eating disorder is increasing at a faster rate than either obesity or eating disorders alone and one in five people with obesity also presents with an Eating Disorder, commonly but not limited to Binge Eating Disorder. New disorders have emerged such as normal weight or Atypical Anorexia Nervosa. However research and practice too often occurs in parallel with a failure to understand the weight disorder spectrum and consequences of co-morbidity that then contributes to poorer outcomes for people living with a larger size and an Eating Disorder. Urgently needed are trials that will inform more effective assessment, treatment and care where body size and eating disorder symptoms are both key to the research question.

dietary patterns --- family functioning --- binge-eating disorder --- eating disorders --- eating disorders-related symptoms --- mothers --- Bulimia Nervosa --- children --- menstrual dysfunction --- young children --- prevention --- usability study --- bulimia nervosa --- adolescents --- brain activity --- para athlete --- women --- treatment --- exercise --- students --- nutrient deficiency --- feeding practices --- food industry --- nurse --- loss of control eating --- body satisfaction --- frequency bands --- BMI --- biofeedback --- BED --- orthorexia nervosa --- binge eating disorder --- eating behavior --- psychometric --- EEG-Neurofeedback --- NMUR2 --- school setting --- addictive-like eating --- executive function --- health education --- engagement --- low energy availability --- binge eating --- dieting --- bone mineral density --- eating behaviour --- energy availability --- obesity --- visceral adipose tissue --- binge-type eating --- International Classification of Diseases --- athlete --- EEG --- weight loss --- obesity risk --- weight --- nucleus accumbens --- fMRI-Neurofeedback --- food addiction --- nutrition --- E-Mental Health --- ventral tegmental area --- impulsivity --- adolescent --- questionnaire --- Female Athlete Triad --- feeding behavior --- online health intervention --- event-related potential --- the Roma --- psychology --- physical fitness --- bulimia --- cultural features --- overweight --- spinal cord injury --- energy intake --- food environment --- socioecological --- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders --- bariatric surgery --- P3 --- cognition --- females --- physical activity --- Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (RED-S) --- lifestyle factors --- food policy --- neuromedin U receptor 2 --- psychophysiology

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Several lines of evidence indicate that healthy diet and exercise can prevent cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetes, and some types of cancer such as colon cancer, and smoking-related cancers. Dietary patterns defined as the quantities, proportions, variety, or combination of different foods and drinks, and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed are also associated with an increased or decreased incidence of chronic diseases. Lately, an association has been found between eating habits, exercise, and psychological and/or mental disorders. This Special Issue of Nutrients, entitled “Dietary Habits, Beneficial Exercise, and Chronic Diseases: Latest Advances and Prospects”, contains 20 manuscripts, either describing original research or reviewing the scientific literature, focused on the relationship between dietary habits (macronutrients, micronutrients, etc.) and/or exercise with metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, mental, rheumatic, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, odontostomatological, and other chronic diseases.

muscle wasting --- cachexia --- sarcopenia --- probiotics --- prebiotics --- Lactobacillus --- intestinal permeability --- gut–brain axis --- health literacy --- education --- food --- students --- healthy lifestyle --- β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) --- body mass index (BMI), type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes (T2D) --- hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) --- visceral adipose tissue (VAT) --- cardiovascular disease (CVD) --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) --- Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) --- women’s health --- bone mineral density --- diet --- beach sports --- osteoporosis --- Mediterranean diet --- antioxidation --- metabolic health --- reproductive health --- gut microbiota --- non-communicable diseases --- flavonoids --- polyphenols --- resveratrol --- olive oil --- adult volunteers --- dietary intervention --- dietary patterns --- pilot study --- symbiotic agriculture --- metabolic dysfunction --- metabolic syndrome --- metabolome --- EHIS --- diabetes --- disease burden --- European Union --- policies --- dietary trajectories --- overweight --- obesity --- early childhood caries --- ECC --- dental caries --- health risk --- preschool children --- fish protein hydrolysate --- anxiety --- burying test --- rodent --- perceived stress --- psychological --- stress --- diet quality --- women --- reproductive age --- childbearing age --- a-priori --- a-posteriori --- sodium --- sodium intake --- inflammation --- systemic inflammation --- sodium induced inflammation --- CRP --- TNF-a --- IL-6 --- pediatric obesity --- children --- dietary interventions --- prevention --- pure fructose consumption --- adolescent --- blood pressure --- folic acid --- homocysteine --- inflammatory bowel disease --- microbiota --- crocin --- crocetin --- safranal --- effect direction plot --- complementary and alternative medicine --- medicinal plant --- CAM --- herbal medicine --- TNF-α --- qualitative synthesis --- dietary supplements --- food shopping quality indicators --- FSA-NPS DI --- dietary intake --- diet monitoring --- digital receipts --- dietary quality --- ischemic stroke --- Chinese Diet Balance Index 2016 --- DBI-16 --- Southeast China --- bone density --- bone resorption markers --- HDL-C --- LDL-C --- lipid profile --- cardiovascular disease --- exercise --- aerobic fitness --- multiple sclerosis --- nutrition --- physical activity --- body mass index --- dietary guideline --- reproductive age women --- n/a --- gut-brain axis --- women's health