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Over the past decade, interest in plant biostimulants has been on the rise, compelled by the growing interest of researchers, extension specialists, private industries, and farmers in integrating these products in the array of environmentally friendly tools to secure improved crop performance, nutrient efficiency, product quality, and yield stability. Plant biostimulants include diverse organic and inorganic substances, natural compounds, and/or beneficial microorganisms such as humic acids, protein hydrolysates, seaweed and plant extracts, silicon, endophytic fungi like mycorrhizal fungi, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria belonging to the genera Azospirillum, Azotobacter, and Rhizobium. Other substances (e.g., chitosan and other biopolymers and inorganic compounds) can have biostimulant properties, but their classification within the group of biostimulants is still under consideration. Plant biostimulants are usually applied to high-value crops, mainly greenhouse crops, fruit trees and vines, open-field crops, flowers, and ornamentals to sustainably increase yield and product quality. The global biostimulant market is currently estimated at about $2.0 billion and is expected to reach $3.0 billion by 2021 at an annual growth rate of 13%. A growing interest in plant biostimulants from industries and scientists was demonstrated by the high number of published peer-reviewed articles, conferences, workshops, and symposia in the past ten years. This book compiles several original research articles, technology reports, methods, opinions, perspectives, and invited reviews and mini reviews dissecting the biostimulatory action of these natural compounds and substances and beneficial microorganisms on crops grown under optimal and suboptimal growing conditions (e.g., salinity, drought, nutrient deficiency and toxicity, heavy metal contaminations, waterlogging, and adverse soil pH conditions). Also included are contributions dealing with the effect as well as the molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant biostimulants on nutrient efficiency, product quality, and modulation of the microbial population both quantitatively and qualitatively. In addition, identification and understanding of the optimal method, time, rate of application and phenological stage for improving plant performance and resilience to stress as well as the best combinations of plant species/cultivar × environment × management practices are also reported. We strongly believe that high standard reflected in this compilation on the principles and practices of plant biostimulants will foster knowledge transfer among scientific communities, industries, and agronomists, and will enable a better understanding of the mode of action and application procedures of biostimulants in different cropping systems.

Crocus sativus L. --- biofertilization --- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi --- antioxidant activity --- crocin --- picrocrocin --- polyphenols --- safranal --- Maize --- biostimulant --- root --- stress --- growth --- gene expression --- stem cuttings --- propagation --- root morphology traits --- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) --- indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) --- gibberellins --- phenolic compounds --- nutrients --- nutraceutical potential --- soybean --- yield --- N organic fertilizer --- seaweed extract --- mycorrhizal inoculants --- phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms --- biofertilizers --- microorganism consortium --- biostimulants --- Crocus sativus --- Funneliformis mosseae --- glasshouse --- protected cultivation --- Rhizophagus intraradices --- substrate --- L-methionine --- L-tryptophan --- L-glycine --- lettuce --- nitrogen --- plant biostimulant --- environmental stress --- vegetables --- fruit quality --- plants biostimulants --- yielding --- Biostimulants --- Euglena gracilis --- algal polysaccharide --- β-glucan --- water stress --- tomato --- aeroponics --- Zea mays L --- lignohumate --- lignosulfonate --- biological activity --- nitrogen metabolism --- carbon metabolism --- proteins --- phenolics --- sugars --- Ascophyllum nodosum --- Solanum melongena --- heterostyly --- pollination efficiency --- soilless conditions --- abiotic stress --- alfalfa hydrolysate --- chitosan --- zinc --- ascorbic acid --- Fragaria x ananassa --- functional quality --- lycopene --- organic farming --- protein hydrolysate --- Solanum lycopersicum L. --- tropical plant extract --- fertilizer --- melatonin --- phytomelatonin --- plant protector --- plant stress --- Lactuca sativa L. --- legume-derived protein hydrolysate --- nitrate --- Septoria --- wheat --- Paraburkholderia phytofirmans --- thyme essential oil --- isotope --- phytoparasitic nematodes --- suppressiveness --- sustainable management --- anti-nutritional substances --- fat --- fibre --- morphotype --- protein --- corn --- imaging --- industrial crops --- maize --- next generation sequencing --- phenomics --- plant phenotyping --- row crops --- Bacillus subtilis --- carotenoids --- probiotics --- PGPR --- Mentha longifolia --- humic acid --- antioxidants --- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis --- mycorrhizosphere --- AMF associated bacteria --- plant growth-promoting bacteria --- phosphate-solubilizing bacteria --- siderophore production --- soil enzymatic activity --- biological index fertility --- nitrogenase activity --- microelements fertilization (Ti, Si, B, Mo, Zn) --- seed coating --- cover crop --- vermicompost --- growth enhancement --- AM fungi --- PGPB --- water deficit --- common bean --- Glomus spp. --- organic acids --- pod quality --- seaweed extracts --- seed quality --- tocopherols --- total sugars --- bean --- amino acids --- phenols --- flavonoids --- microbial biostimulant --- non-microbial biostimulant --- Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia --- mineral profile --- physiological mechanism --- photosynthesis --- biocontrol --- plant growth promotion --- soil inoculant --- Trichoderma --- Azotobacter --- Streptomyces --- deproteinized leaf juice --- fermentation --- lactic acid bacteria --- plant nutrition --- antioxidant capacity --- ornamental plants --- N fertilization --- nitrogen use efficiency --- leaf quality --- Spinacia oleracea L. --- sustainable agriculture --- Valerianella locusta L. --- isotopic labeling --- turfgrass --- humic acids --- leaf area index (LAI) --- specific leaf area (SLA) --- Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) index --- tuber yield --- ultrasound-assisted water --- foliar spray --- Pterocladia capillacea --- bio-fertilizer --- growth parameters --- Jew’s Mallow --- CROPWAT model --- eco-friendly practices --- total ascorbic acid --- Mater-Bi® --- mineral composition --- SPAD index --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- Capsicum annuum --- microbiome --- strain-specific primer --- tracking --- sweet basil --- alfalfa brown juice --- biostimulation --- chlorophyll pigments --- histological changes --- humic substances --- protein hydrolysates --- silicon --- arbuscular mycorrhiza --- plant growth promoting rhizobacteria --- macroalgae --- microalgae --- abiotic stresses --- nutrient use efficiency --- physiological mechanisms

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Plants respond to diverse environmental stimuli such as light, nutrients, temperature, and oxygen, which shape their growth and fate. When these stimuli are suboptimal for adequate plant growth, they cause stress. This book is a collection of research articles providing evidence about plant responses to stresses and environmental stimuli, as well as new methodologies for plant phenotyping.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- abiotic stress tolerance --- ascorbate (AsA) --- cad2-1 --- glutathione (GSH) --- leaf area --- photosynthesis --- root architecture --- seed germination --- vtc2-4 --- vtc5-2 --- expression profiling --- heterosis --- salinity stress --- seedlings --- rice --- nets --- sun chemical protectants --- sunscald --- climate changes --- field identification --- drought resistance --- japonica rice --- germplasm --- agronomic trait --- chili and bell pepper --- low temperature stress --- vegetative and reproductive traits --- pepper breeding --- PCA --- hierarchical cluster analysis --- Olea europaea L. --- drought stress --- stem water potential --- fruit growth --- oil content --- polyphenols --- allopathy --- Beta vulgaris L. --- Brassica rapa L. var. japonica --- Lactuca sativa L. --- phenolic compounds --- Valerianella locusta Laterr. --- bud --- bud burst --- development --- dormancy --- explants --- field capacity --- gravimetric water content --- grapevine --- perennial plants --- water --- biofertilizer --- Glomus mosseae --- colonization --- biostimulant --- FRAP --- legumes --- cover crops --- drought --- biological nitrogen fixation --- water use efficiency --- nitrogen use efficiency --- stable isotopes --- stomatal conductance --- mathematical modeling --- crop breeding --- water stress --- elemental sulphur --- sulphate --- macroelements --- microelements --- Triticum durum --- Triticum turgidum --- abiotic stress --- phenotyping --- Win-RHIZO --- n/a

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The growing world population exerts tremendous pressure on our finite food resources. Since the lion‘s share of the global calorie intake is reliant upon a handful of plant species like rice, wheat, maize, soybean, and potato, it is the need of the hour to expand our dietary reliance to nutritionally rich but neglected, underutilized, and yet-to-be-used wild plants. Such wild plants also have ethnomedicinal and biocultural significance. Owing to their ecosystem plasticity, they can be easily cultivated in diverse soil systems, including marginal, degraded, and other disturbed areas. Due to these resilient attributes, they can be considered for large-scale cultivation. However, proper biotechnological interventions are important for removing the negative traits as well as for standardizing the mass multiplication and cultivation strategies of such species for various agro-climatic regions. This Special Issue, “Wild Crop Relatives and Associated Biocultural and Traditional Agronomic Practices for Food and Nutritional Security”, was dedicated to showcasing the potential wild crop varieties of nutritional significance and associated biocultural knowledge from the diverse agroecological regions of the world and also to formulating suitable policy frameworks for food and nutritional security. The novel recommendations provided by this Special Issue can serve as a stepping-stone for utilizing wild and neglected crops as supplemental foods.

non-domesticated legumes --- Vigna racemosa --- Vigna ambacensis --- Vigna reticulata --- Vigna vexillata --- Tanzania --- wild food legumes --- seed priming --- seaweed extract --- biostimulant --- germination energy --- seedling vigour --- consumer-oriented breeding --- consumer-oriented germplasm conservation --- culinary --- farmer–breeder–chef–consumer nexus --- genetic diversity --- heritage seedbank --- local food systems --- seed-savers --- stress tolerance --- anthropocene --- climate resilient --- food and nutritional security --- resource conservation --- underutilized crops --- Sustainable Development Goals --- biomass --- biochar --- soil --- BPLFA --- FPLFA --- DHA --- ammonia-oxidizing bacteria --- electrophoresis --- genetic resources --- neglected hexaploid wheat --- seed-storage proteins --- Crassocephalum crepidioides --- ethnobotany --- generations --- knowledge dynamics --- Launaea taraxacifolia --- use value --- Vernonia amygdalina --- ascorbic acid --- Diplotaxis erucoides --- field --- greenhouse --- new crops --- nitrates --- sinigrin --- traditional crop varieties --- Jerusalem artichoke --- inulin --- fertilization --- polyphenols --- antioxidant capacity --- climate change scenarios --- climate suitability --- fruit selection index --- Maxent --- species distribution modeling --- pre-breeding --- morphotypes --- domestication index --- indigenous knowledge --- sociolinguistic groups --- client-preferred traits --- seed dormancy --- seed germination --- molecular biology --- genetics --- traditional leafy vegetables --- Gynandropsis gynandra --- undomesticated legumes --- legumes --- Vigna species --- domestication --- unexplored legumes --- induced mutation --- lodging resistance --- photosynthetic efficiency --- transcriptomics --- orphan crops --- neglected and underutilized species --- wild edibles --- biodiversity --- food composition --- nutrition --- policy --- breeding --- Macrotyloma geocarpum --- farmers’ preferences --- cropping systems --- constraints --- cultivar development --- landraces --- conservation --- agrobiodiversity --- biocultural knowledge --- crop improvement --- dietary diversification --- field gene banks --- planetary healthy diet --- traditional agronomic practices

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Throughout most of history, medicinal plants and their active metabolites have represented a valuable source of compounds used to prevent and to cure several diseases. Interest in natural compounds is still high as they represent a source of novel biologically/pharmacologically active compounds. Due to their high structural diversity and complexity, they are interesting structural scaffolds that can offer promising candidates for the study of new drugs, functional foods, and food additives.Plant extracts are a highly complex mixture of compounds and qualitative and quantitative analyses are necessary to ensure their quality. Furthermore, greener methods of extraction and analysis are needed today.This book is based on articles submitted for publication in the Special Issue entitled “Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Natural Products” that collected original research and reviews on these topics.

Scorzonera --- capsaicinoids --- artificial neural network --- cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury --- antioxidant activity --- quality evaluation --- chemometrics --- secondary metabolites --- identification --- antioxidant capacity --- Moroccan region --- volatile compounds --- HPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS --- quantitative analysis --- amino acids content --- HPLC-ELSD --- antioxidant --- autophagy --- quantification --- sugars --- 1-triacontanol --- hemp seed oil --- Alzheimer’s disease --- macrodiolides --- extraction --- recycling preparative high performance liquid chromatography --- HPLC methods --- GC-MS --- Myristica fragrans --- Rossa da inverno sel. Rojo Duro onion cultivar --- fruit powders --- decursin --- food traceability --- ionic liquids --- separation optimisation --- Spondias spp. --- C-glycosylflavone --- wine --- UPLC-MS --- scutellarein --- saffron --- carotenoids --- red cabbage --- hydrodistillation --- Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBE) --- gas chromatography --- organic acids --- olive leaves --- crocins --- CBD oil --- Bolbostemma paniculatum --- UPLC-ESI-MS/MS --- geographical origin --- HPLC --- traditional Chinese medicine decoction --- liquid chromatography --- bioactive natural compounds --- Podospermum --- metabolic profiling --- SPME-GC/MS --- LTQ-Orbitrap --- oral administration --- UPLC --- bioactive compounds --- Erigeron breviscapus extract --- terrain conditions --- nutmeg --- antibacterial activity --- method validation --- ShenFu prescription decoction --- chili --- decursinol angelate --- statistical evaluations --- stereoselective and simultaneous analysis --- curcuminoids --- Talaromyces pinophilus --- talarodiolide --- HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS --- Olea europaea L. --- triterpenes --- chromatogram-bioactivity correlation --- essential oil --- stability --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz. --- endothelial function --- anthocyanins --- HPLC analysis --- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry --- nodakenin --- turmerone --- UHPLC-MS/MS --- Quercus acuta leaf --- Curcuma longa --- UHPLC analysis --- ginseng berry extract --- geographical variation --- qualitative analysis --- Sorbus --- free radical-scavenging --- ginsenosides --- flavonoids --- biostimulant --- GC/MS --- terpenes --- aleuritolic acid --- phenolic compounds --- apoptosis --- response surface methodology --- phenolic acids --- pharmacokinetics --- mass spectrometry --- scutellarin --- multivariate statistical analysis --- phenolics --- MODDE experimental design --- proanthocyanidins --- UFLC-QQQ-MS --- rice --- cannabidiol --- odor-activity values --- UPLC-QTOF-MS --- turmeric --- decursinol