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Health and safety of food and feed are the most important criteria for their quality. The quality of feed is in turn important for animal health, the environment and for the safety of food from animal origin. Fungi belonging to the Fusarium genus are widespread in crops causing plant diseases and producing toxic metabolites. Fusarium species can colonize plants during their growth on the field and cause serious damage in terms of yield and quality of harvested grains. One of the most important fungal diseases of wheat and other cereals in the world is Fusarium head blight caused by the fungal pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum and others. In addition, these fungi produce mycotoxins, contaminating food and feed. The most important Fusarium mycotoxins include trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins, primarily because of their prevalence, but also because of the toxic effect to humans and animals. However, these fungi produce also other mycotoxins such as moniliformin, beauvericin, enniantin or fusarins. Food and feed can be contaminated with mycotoxins at various stages in the production chain resulting in serious problems with health, safety and economic losses. It is estimated that 25% of the crop in the world each year are contaminated with these metabolites, the problem affects both industrialized countries and developing countries. The aim of this Research Topic of Frontiers in Microbiology is to publish state of the art research about occurrence and genomics of Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in the whole food and feed chain starting from the crops as well as implications for health and economic aspects. This research topic highlights the current knowledge on the plant diseases caused by Fusarium fungi as well as all aspects of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination of crops, food and feed, taking into account decontamination methods.

food contamination --- decontamination --- zearalenone --- disease resistance --- mycotoxins --- fumonisins --- Fusarium --- cereals --- trichothecenes --- breeding

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Contamination of foods and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic fungi is a concerning issue for human and animal health. Moulds naturally present in foods can produce mycotoxins and contaminate foodstuffs under favourable conditions of temperature, relative humidity, pH, and nutrient availability. Mycotoxins are, in general, stable molecules that are difficult to remove from foods once they have been produced. Therefore, the prevention of mycotoxin contamination is one of the main goals of the agriculture and food industries. Chemical control or decontamination techniques may be quite efficient; however, the more sustainable and restricted use of fungicides, the lack of efficiency in some foods, and the consumer demand for chemical-residue-free foods require new approaches to control this hazard. Therefore, food safety demands continued research efforts for exploring new strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination. This Special Issue contains original contributions and reviews that advance the knowledge about the most current promising approaches to minimize mycotoxin contamination, including biological control agents, phytochemical antifungal compounds, enzyme detoxification, and the use of novel technologies.

n/a --- decontamination --- superheated steam --- quercetin glycosides --- antagonism --- mode of action --- corn --- Botrytis sp. --- AITC --- binding --- degradation --- brine shrimp bioassay --- apple pomace --- nanoparticles --- enzymatic detoxification --- Bacillus --- estrogen response element --- Fusarium --- biological detoxification --- abiotic factors --- stability --- fumonisin esterase FumD --- mycotoxigenic fungi --- Aspergillus flavus --- Aflatoxin M1 --- Fusarium graminearum --- milk --- Penicillium digitatum --- biocontrol agents --- biological control --- dry-cured ham --- mycotoxin reduction --- Fusarium sp. --- enzyme kinetics --- Penicillium nordicum --- Satureja montana --- roasted coffee --- fermentation --- crisp biscuit --- detoxification --- essential oils --- gene expression --- probiotics --- zearalenone --- mycotoxins --- degradation products --- Geothrichum citri-aurantii --- garlic-derived extracts --- Zearalenone --- biodegradation --- EU limits --- storage --- Origanum virens --- aflatoxin --- fungal growth reduction --- green chemistry --- Penicillium italicum --- deoxynivalenol --- ?-Fe2O3 --- ochratoxin A (OTA) --- wheat --- cell-free extracts of Aspergillus oryzae --- photocatalysis --- wheat quality --- post-harvest phytopathogen --- cold plasma --- pinnatifidanoside D --- ochratoxin A --- oats --- cell proliferation --- estrogen receptor --- Penicillium verrucosum --- pig production performance --- phloridzin --- maize --- biotransformation --- fumonisin --- fungi

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Crop contamination by mycotoxins is a global problem that poses significant economic burdens due to a number of factors, including the food/feed losses that are caused by reduced production rates; the resulting adverse effects on human and animal health and productivity; and the trade losses associated with the costs incurred by inspection, sampling, and analysis before and after shipments. In this scenario, the development of fit-for-purpose analytical methods for regulated and (re)-emerging mycotoxins continues to be a dynamic research area. Some of the current trends in this research area are presented in this book. The collected contributions address either the need for improved methods for mycotoxin detection addressed by new or incoming regulation (ergot alkaloids and Alternaria toxins) as well as methods for the detection of multiple mycotoxins. New approaches to enhance the performance of well-established methodologies, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIA), are also addressed.

FPIA --- mycotoxin --- OTA --- detection methods --- food safety --- monoclonal antibody (mAb) --- tracer --- HPLC --- trichothecenes --- zearalenone --- Fusarium toxins --- wheat --- liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry --- official control --- collaborative study --- ergot alkaloids --- sum parameter method --- hydrazinolysis --- esterification --- swine feed --- dairy feed --- UHPLC-MS/MS --- aflatoxin B1 --- recombinant AflR gene --- VICAM --- I-ELISA --- peanut --- wheat flour --- milk powder --- LC-MS/MS method --- cereal products --- occurrence --- alternariol --- antibody --- ELISA --- hapten design --- immunoassay --- linker site --- n/a --- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

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According to the presented studies, the health condition of animals in rearing and breeding should be regularly monitored. This would allow early detection of delicate deviations in the body of clinically healthy individuals. Unfortunately, regular monitoring of the health of animals in commercial production is not performed. It follows that this type of research should be an introduction to further, more inquisitive steps. This can form the basis for further courses of action, indicating which organs or tissues field doctors or researchers should be interested in and what to pay attention to in order to find the correct answer, concerning the situation in the animal body. In the future, we should determine biomedical markers for use in precision veterinary medicine. In human medicine, this has been practiced with great success. The problem, however, is that we are getting to know more and more substances produced by mold fungi. This causes a build-up of new interpretative problems, causing health conditions (diagnosis), as well as analytical problems. To fully understand the results we need new techniques to assess toxicological and chemical hazards, including those related to undesirable substances. We need a solid knowledge of the biological pathways underlying the toxicity and tolerance to interference factors toxicological processes. We hope that the presented study will allow for a better understanding of mycotoxicoses that bother us and our animals, which will allow for more effective preventive actions.

zearalenone --- low doses --- steroid hormones --- biotransformation --- pre-pubertal gilts --- modified mycotoxin --- co-occurrence --- corn silage --- CIEB --- WST-1 --- NR --- SRB --- sphingolipid metabolism --- Sa/So --- global survey --- finished pig feed --- emerging mycotoxins --- DON --- toxicity --- combined toxicity --- IPEC-1 --- deoxynivalenol --- IPEC-J2 --- cell damage --- NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway --- pet food --- Fusarium --- ergosterol --- mycotoxins --- trichothecenes --- fumonisin B1 --- HPLC --- bioavailability --- estradiol --- testosterone --- blood concentration --- dairy --- aflatoxin --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- aflatoxin M1 --- GALT --- oxidative stress --- cytokine --- metabolism --- Cordyceps fungi --- mass production --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- safety --- enteric nervous system --- gastrointestinal tract --- mammals --- animal pathology --- intestines --- toxins --- feed --- histology --- ultrastructure --- pig --- hepatocyte --- liver --- synbiotics --- turkeys --- intestinal microbiota --- fecal enzymes --- ochratoxin A --- n/a

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A compilation of 12 original research articles and a review on the development of instrumental and immunoanalytical methods for mycotoxins; on the enhancement of sample preparation and selection to improve method applicability; and on practical applications of analytical methods in laboratory fungal cultures, cereal and feed samples, surface water (as a novel matrix of mycotoxins as emerging surface water contaminants), and during mycotoxin decontamination by bacteria. Target analyte mycotoxins include aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, fumonisins, fusarenone-X, HT-2 toxins, nivalenol, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone.

aflatoxins --- laboratory culture --- extraction --- HPLC --- recovery --- detection limits --- frequency mixing technology --- immunofiltration --- magnetic beads --- mycotoxin --- type B trichothecenes --- modified mycotoxins --- isomer separation --- method validation --- ochratoxin A --- fluorescence --- G-quadruplex --- biosensor --- computation --- simulation --- mycotoxins --- feed --- modified QuEChERS --- LC-MS/MS --- zearalenone --- immunochromatographic assay --- semi-quantification --- quantification --- aflatoxin B1 --- sterigmatocystin --- lactobacilli --- mycotoxin binding --- detoxification --- lactic acid bacteria --- colorimetric detection --- rapid tests --- ELISA --- lateral flow assays --- microfluidics --- nano-materials --- food safety --- commercialization --- immunosensor --- optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy --- label-free detection --- planar waveguide sensor --- polarisation interferometer --- limit of detection --- competitive immunoassay --- fluorescence detection --- high-performance liquid chromatography --- total internal reflection ellipsometry --- aflatoxin --- chicken feed --- representative sampling --- improved aflatoxin test procedure --- validation --- n/a