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Wild animals under human care as well as domesticated farm production animals are often exposed to environmental changes (e.g., capture and transportation). Short-term or acute changes in physiological indices (e.g., heart rate, respiration, body temperatures, immune cells, and stress hormonal biomarkers) provide crucial information regarding the responses of animals to novel environments, and they could provide crucial determining factors for the long-term health and welfare of animals. This Special Issue includes experimental research papers that demonstrate the applications of physiological indices and welfare assessment methods (e.g., morphological and morphometric data, behavioural assessments, thermal profiles, and physiological markers) in any wildlife or production animal (e.g., rescued and rehabilitating animals, pets, competition animals, farm animals, and zoo animals), in response to environmental and management related factors. The goal is to provide examples of new research and techniques that can be used to monitor short- and long-term environmental adaptation of animals under human care.

non-invasive --- bioindicator --- pollution --- stress --- welfare --- constructed wetland --- glucocorticoid --- urban river --- reindeer --- glucocorticoids --- validation --- rodents --- ecological immunology --- natural antibodies --- haptoglobin --- neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio --- immune strategy --- vector-borne pathogens --- parasitology --- zoonosis --- thermal imaging --- koalas --- body temperature --- heat/cold stress --- thermoregulation --- substrate --- Zoo --- protocol --- veterinary assessment --- Punjab urial --- body condition --- behavior --- Pakistan --- red deer --- hind --- reproduction --- progesterone --- cortisol --- hair --- Asian elephant --- saliva --- immunoglobulin A --- circadian rhythm --- Panthera tigris tigris --- Panthera tigris altaica --- siberian --- tigers --- bengal tigers --- captive --- biochemical parameter --- serum protein electrophoresis --- Cervus elaphus --- plasma --- feces --- hunting --- zoo --- faecal analysis --- glucocorticoid metabolites --- enzyme immunoassay --- roe deer --- blood parameters --- prognostic factors --- blood lactate concentration --- biomarkers --- captivity-induced stress --- fecal glucocorticoid metabolites --- physiological stress in rodents --- oxytocin --- boar --- ejaculation --- wildlife --- environmental stress --- urbanisation --- birds --- n/a