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This paper uses an applied general equilbrium model to decompose the effects of changes in trade and technology-related variables on wages of skilled and unskilled labor between 1982 and 1996 in the United States. The results indicate that trade-related variables (tariff cuts, improvement in the terms of trade, and the increase in the trade deficit) had little impact on the widening wage gap. Also, changes in total factor productivity had a small effect on relative wages. The major factor behind the rise in the skilled wage relative to the unskilled wage was differential rates of growth in skill-biased technical change across sectors. The paper also highlights the role that nontraded goods play in explaining the wage gap. Finally, the paper presents estimates of the effect of trade on wages by calculating what wage rates would be under autarky. The results show that expanding trade could actually reduce wage inequality, rather than increase it. The welfare costs to the U.S economy of moving to autarky (using 1996 as a base) are about 6 percent of GDP.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Neoclassical Models of Trade --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- Labor Economics: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Wages --- Skilled labor --- Unskilled labor --- Wage adjustments --- Labor market --- Labor economics --- United States

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Bildung ist und bleibt wohl das alles bestimmende Thema des 21. Jahrhunderts. Entsprechend dramatisch müssen die lebensgeschichtlichen Folgen eines Mangels an oder Ausschlusses von Bildung sein. In der ökonomischen wie soziologischen Arbeitsmarktliteratur findet man nun für die zunehmende Benachteiligung gering qualifizierter Personen das gleiche dominante Erklärungsmuster, den Verdrängungsmechanismus: gering Qualifizierte werden von besser Qualifizierten "verdrängt". In diesem Buch wird im Unterschied dazu in den theoretischen Überlegungen und empirischen Analysen die Bedeutung von Prozessen einer zunehmenden Diskreditierung, sozialen Verarmung und Stigmatisierung herausgearbeitet und hervorgehoben - es geht also eher um soziale Ungleichheit denn um "Verdrängung".

Muslim youth --- Immigrant children --- Child immigrants --- Children --- Immigrants --- Islamic youth --- Youth, Muslim --- Youth --- Labor supply --- Unskilled labor --- Effect of education on --- Laborers --- Low-skilled labor --- Low-skilled workers --- Labor --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor pool --- Work force --- Workforce --- Labor market --- Human capital --- Labor mobility --- Manpower --- Manpower policy --- Arbeitsmarktforschung --- Bildung --- Soziale Ungleichheit --- Social inequality --- labour market research --- education

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This paper extends Grossman and Helpman’s seminal work (1991), and presents an endogenous growth model where innovations created in a high-tech sector may be assimilated or adapted by a low-tech sector. Applying a simple Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the effects of technological diffusion are found to allow a country relatively scarce in human capital to benefit from nondecreasing rates of growth through its low-tech sector. The model is tested by using a dynamic panel data approach (Arellano and Bover, 1995). Results are consistent with the predictions of the model and robust to a broad range of definitions of technological intensity.

Econometrics --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Economic Integration --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Trade: General --- Estimation --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Labour --- income economics --- International economics --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Technology --- general issues --- Human capital --- Exports --- Estimation techniques --- Unskilled labor --- International trade --- Econometric analysis --- Econometric models --- Labor market --- United States

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In 1910, 12 percent of American 14-17 year olds were enrolled in high school; by 1930, enrollment had increased to 50 percent; enrollment in Britain was 12 percent in 1950. This paper argues that by increasing the skill premium, the massive inflows of European unskilled immigrants at the turn of the twentieth century engendered America's sharp rise in human capital investment. The increased enrollments raised the supply of schools, leading to continued schooling investment. Cross section evidence and a VAR analysis of the time series data support the hypothesized role of immigration in generating the high school movement.

Labor --- Public Finance --- Emigration and Immigration --- Demography --- International Migration --- Economic Growth of Open Economies --- Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income and Wealth: U.S. --- Canada: 1913 --- -Education: General --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Education --- Migration, immigration & emigration --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Population & demography --- Migration --- Skilled labor --- Expenditure --- Unskilled labor --- Population and demographics --- Emigration and immigration --- Labor market --- Expenditures, Public --- Population --- United States

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The paper addresses the impact of HIV/AIDS on per capita output and income, with particular emphasis on the role of labor mobility between the formal and informal sectors, and the impact of the epidemic on investment decisions. The study finds that HIV/AIDS affects both the supply of labor and the demand for labor in the formal sector. Only if there is a significant rise in the capital-labor ratio, will there be an increase in formal sector employment. However, this is associated with a decline in the rate of return to capital. To the extent that companies respond to this by reducing investment, conventional models underestimate the adverse impact on employment, per capita output, and income. The analysis of the impact of HIV/AIDS on output is complemented by an assessment of the impact on income.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Diseases: AIDS and HIV --- Health: General --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models --- Economywide Country Studies: Africa --- Health Behavior --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- HIV/AIDS --- Labour --- income economics --- HIV and AIDS --- Personal income --- Unskilled labor --- Capital productivity --- Health --- National accounts --- Production --- HIV --- Viruses --- Income --- Labor market --- South Africa