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In a recent [Public Utilities Fortnightly] article, Hans Nissel questioned the calculations in an earlier RAND study and contended that time-of-use (TOU) rates will have no effect on electricity consumption. The authors present a correction to their study, but reaffirm that the findings of their research and of ten other studies support the original conclusion that TOU rates change load curves. They then examine Nissel's principal assertions about electricity pricing and argue that his views are not supported by either facts or the personal communications on which he often relies. The authors conclude by considering the challenges that face U.S. utilities as they move into the less familiar territory of introducing and modifying TOU rates.
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This study reports an initial analysis of changes in relative peak electricity consumption for almost 4,000 industrial and commercial customers in ten U.S. utilities with time-of-day (TOD) rates now in effect. Relative peak loads declined about one percentage point on average when TOD rates were introduced. A small fraction of customers reduced their peak loads substantially, but most customers (including commercial customers as a whole) have apparently not as yet changed their consumption patterns in response to TOD rates. Average changes in load differ significantly by utility, industry, and year, and those changes are statistically related to the terms of the TOD rates that customers faced. Changes in load, while small in percentage terms, are large enough to justify TOD rates on a benefit/cost evaluation. Welfare gains average over $1,000 per year per customer, against a metering cost of approximately $65 per year when new meters are needed to monitor TOD rates.
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This report analyzes the results from three major experiments with time-of-use (TOU) electricity rates for residential customers. It finds that when common analytic and data handling techniques are used, the responses of residential customers to TOU rates are quite similar in California, North Carolina, and Wisconsin. The principal finding--that results of the major rate experiments can be transferred to other locations--should be of wide interest to electric utilities, regulatory bodies, and energy policymakers.
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Utilities and regulators need to know what, if any, effect time-of-use (TOU) rates will have on electricity loads. The question raises serious methodological challenges because no means of measurement is perfect. The authors explore these difficulties and then apply alternative measures to actual load data drawn from European and United States utility systems. They find wide variability in responsiveness to TOU rates from one industry to another and between utility systems, depending on the method used and the length of time rates have been in effect. They conclude that TOU rates clearly change load shapes but are uncertain whether United States utilities will ever see the degree of response found in European data. Published in [Public] [Utilities Fortnightly], May 22, 1980, following several articles that have taken exception to earlier work by RAND authors on this subject.
Electric utilities --- Peak load --- Rates --- Time-of-use pricing. --- Economic aspects.
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Examines the responses of time-of-use (TOU) electricity rates by large industrial and commercial customers in France, England, and Wales. The report analyzes quantitatively the daily and seasonal patterns of electricity use for a sample of customers who have faced TOU rates for 10 to 20 years. Some of the conclusions drawn are: TOU prices have an effect on customers' loads by almost any measure applied; industry-specific patterns of adjustment appear to be consistent with the industrial processes involved; and firms possessing self-generating capability make added adjustments in their daily loads by reducing peak and shoulder period use and increasing off-period electricity consumption. Two major policy implications for the United States are suggested: First, although on average there is clear evidence of response to TOU rates, considerable variability remains from firm to firm and from industry to industry. Second, offering optional rates allows a firm to select the most advantageous rate for the pattern of consumption the firm is willing to achieve.
Electric utilities --- Industries --- Costs, Industrial. --- Rates --- Time-of-use pricing. --- Energy consumption --- Costs.
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This Open Access book examines many of the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic through the distinctive lens of civility. The idea of civility appears often in both public and academic debates, and a polarized political climate frequently leads to allegations of uncivil speech and behaviour. Norms of civility are always contested, even more so in moments of crisis such as a global pandemic. A focus on civility provides crucial insight and guidance on how to navigate the social and political challenges resulting from COVID-19. Furthermore, it offers a framework through which citizens and policymakers can better understand the causes and consequences of incivility, and devise ways to recover civility in our social and political lives.
COVID-19 (Disease) $x Social aspects. --- COVID-19 (Disease) --- Social aspects. --- 2019-nCoV disease --- 2019 novel coronavirus disease --- Coronavirus disease-19 --- Coronavirus disease 2019 --- COVID-19 virus disease --- Novel coronavirus disease, 2019 --- SARS-CoV-2 disease --- Coronavirus infections --- Respiratory infections --- COVID19 (Disease) --- SARS coronavirus 2 disease --- Political science & theory --- Ethics & moral philosophy --- Social & political philosophy --- Political Theory --- Ethics --- Political Philosophy --- Social Philosophy --- Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics --- Political Theory and COVID-19 --- Theoretical and Policy Implications for Civility --- Civility and COVID-19 --- Negative social consequences of the global pandemic --- Negative political consequences of the global pandemic --- Countering incivility during COVID-19 --- Moral civility in a time of COVID-19 --- Political civility in a time of COVID-19 --- COVID-19 epidemic --- Social implications of COVID-19 --- Political Implications of COVID-19 --- Economic Implications of COVID-19 --- Public Health and COVID-19 --- Social Sciences and COVID-19 --- Philosophy and COVID-19 --- COVID-19 Pandemic --- Open Access --- Courtesy
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In the last decade, we have witnessed the rapid development of electronic technologies that are transforming our daily lives. Such technologies are often integrated with various sensors that facilitate the collection of human motion and physiological data and are equipped with wireless communication modules such as Bluetooth, radio frequency identification, and near-field communication. In smart healthcare applications, designing ergonomic and intuitive human–computer interfaces is crucial because a system that is not easy to use will create a huge obstacle to adoption and may significantly reduce the efficacy of the solution. Signal and data processing is another important consideration in smart healthcare applications because it must ensure high accuracy with a high level of confidence in order for the applications to be useful for clinicians in making diagnosis and treatment decisions. This Special Issue is a collection of 10 articles selected from a total of 26 contributions. These contributions span the areas of signal processing and smart healthcare systems mostly contributed by authors from Europe, including Italy, Spain, France, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, and Netherlands. Authors from China, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Ecuador are also included.
smart homes --- Internet of Things (IoT) --- Wi-Fi --- human monitoring --- behavioral analysis --- ambient assisted living --- intelligent luminaires --- wireless sensor network --- indoor localisation --- indoor monitoring --- Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) --- CUDA --- OpenMP --- OpenCL --- K-means --- brain cancer detection --- hyperspectral imaging --- unsupervised clustering --- impaired sensor --- Structural Health Monitoring --- Time of Flight --- subharmonics --- Cascaded-Integrator-Comb (CIC) filter --- FPGA --- fixed point math --- data adaptive demodulator --- motion estimation --- inertial sensors --- simulation --- spline function --- Kalman filter --- eHealth --- software engineering --- gesture recognition --- Dynamic Time Warping --- Hidden Markov Model --- usability --- Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) --- human motion --- Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) --- Time of Arrival (TOA) --- wearable sensors --- endothelial dysfunction --- photoplethysmography --- machine learning --- computer-assisted screening --- sleep pose recognition --- keypoints feature matching --- Bayesian inference --- near-infrared images --- scale invariant feature transform --- heartbeat classification --- arrhythmia --- denoising autoencoder --- autoencoder --- deep learning --- auditory perception --- biometrics --- computer vision --- web control access --- web security --- human–computer interaction --- n/a --- Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) --- human-computer interaction
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This reprint is a reprint of the articles that appeared in Sensors' (MDPI) Special Issue on “Sensors and Systems for Indoor Positioning". The published original contributions focused on systems and technologies to enable indoor applications.
acoustic diffraction --- acoustic signal aberration --- cross-correlation aberration --- ultrasonic ranging --- visible light communication --- indoor positioning system --- fingerprint positioning --- weighted K-nearest neighbor --- distance metric --- ultrasonic transducers --- time of flight estimation --- pulse-echo technique --- ferroelectric films --- piezopolymer --- infrared sensor --- angle of arrival --- indoor localization --- wireless sensor networks --- navigation --- reinforcement learning --- 3D indoor positioning --- visible light positioning --- Wi-Fi positioning --- location fingerprinting --- RSSI-based positioning --- probabilistic approach --- information service --- book tracking --- fingerprint-based indoor positioning --- clustering --- RSSI --- CNN --- presence detection --- passive localization --- room impulse response --- acoustic localization --- frequency dependent attenuation --- ultrasonic signal --- cyber-physical system --- Industry 4.0 --- internet-of-reader --- IREAD 4.0 --- radio frequency identification --- RFID classification method --- smart gate --- smart forklift --- smart warehouse --- extended Kalman filter --- localization --- time of arrival --- carrier phase --- ambiguity resolution --- n/a
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The comparison between methods, evaluation of portal hypertension and many other questions are still open issues in liver elastography. New elastographic applications are under evaluation and close to being used in clinical practice. Strain imaging has been incorporated into many disciplines and EFSUMB guidelines are under preparation. More research is necessary for improved evidence for clinical applications in daily practice. The Special Issue published papers on recent advances in development and application of Ultrasound Elastography.
ultrasonography --- elastography --- anti-HBV therapy --- pediatric --- WFUMB --- measurement variability --- tendon stiffness --- pancreas --- patellar positions --- point of care ultrasound --- time of day --- chronic hepatitis B --- quantification --- chronic hepatitis C --- EFSUMB --- stiffness --- liver cirrhosis --- liver fibrosis --- computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) --- guideline --- liver stiffness --- Achilles tendon --- bending energy --- ultrasound elastography --- acoustic radiation force impulse --- tendinopathy --- texture analysis --- power spectrum --- magnetic resonance imaging --- strain ratio --- thyroid cancer --- prior activity --- direct acting antivirals --- strain quantification --- patellar tendon --- shear wave elastography (SWE) --- cine-tagging --- cirrhosis --- health care --- shear wave elastography --- Crohn’s disease --- contrast enhanced ultrasound --- HCV core antigen --- shear modulus --- therapy --- ultrasound --- supersonic shear imaging --- carcinoma --- quantitative --- leg dominance --- viral hepatitis C --- strain elastography --- endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
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This Special Issue of Polymers is a collection of 11 original high-quality scientific contributions on basic and applied research in the field of wood science and technology, and provides good examples of the recent challenges related to the production and application of wood and wood-based materials. The Special Issue includes individual papers concerned with the enhancement of the performance and technological properties of wood composites, above all plywood, as well as with the ignition and combustion of wood and wood composites in monitoring and evaluating these processes on state-of-the-art equipment, and monitoring chemical changes in wood and wood adhesives and composites. The topic of the Special Issue has clearly resonated with the world’s scientific community and the responses have come from traditionally strong wood research centers in Europe and Asia.
plywood --- veneer 3D moldability --- natural fiber reinforcement --- wood–plastic composite (WPC) --- silicone --- mechanical properties --- cytotoxicity --- casting --- ageing --- veneer --- laser-cut --- additive manufacturing --- wood composite --- birch plywood --- molecular weight --- phenol-formaldehyde resin --- soft-rot --- weathering stability --- wood-based panels --- high-density fiberboards --- bio-adhesives --- ammonium lignosulfonate --- zero-formaldehyde emission --- tropical wood --- non-isothermal thermogravimetry --- deconvolution of thermogravimetry runs --- cone calorimetry testing --- heat-release rate --- OSB --- heat flux density --- ignition time --- weight loss --- meranti --- padauk --- merbau --- thermal treatment --- wood lignin --- eco-panel --- small ignition initiator --- straw --- relative burning rate --- fire properties --- spruce wood --- cellulose --- hemicelluloses --- lignin --- extractives --- time of storage --- fiber characteristics --- torrefied wood --- fuel --- combustion --- heat release rate --- n/a --- wood-plastic composite (WPC)
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