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This open access book is about spontaneous symmetry breaking, which is a classic area of theoretical physics that lies at the core of many fascinating phenomena such as ferromagnetism, superfluidity, superconductivity, or the Higgs mechanism. The book brings an up-to-date overview of spontaneous symmetry breaking and of modern effective field theory description thereof. The topics covered include the classification of Nambu–Goldstone bosons, nonlinear realization of internal and spacetime symmetries and the construction of the corresponding effective actions, and selected applications. With in-depth exposition of conceptual foundations and numerous illustrative examples, the book is accessible to anybody having taken a basic course on quantum field theory. It serves as a self-contained text for graduate students and junior researchers in diverse areas of physics, but also as a useful reference for experts.

Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Mathematical physics. --- Particles (Nuclear physics). --- Condensed matter. --- Cosmology. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Particle Physics. --- Condensed Matter Physics.

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This open access book focuses on processing, modeling, and visualization of anisotropy information...

Mathematics. --- Visualization. --- Matrix theory. --- Algebra. --- Computer mathematics. --- Optical data processing. --- Mathematical physics. --- Linear and Multilinear Algebras, Matrix Theory. --- Computational Science and Engineering. --- Computer Imaging, Vision, Pattern Recognition and Graphics. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Optical computing --- Visual data processing --- Bionics --- Electronic data processing --- Integrated optics --- Photonics --- Computers --- Computer mathematics --- Mathematics --- Mathematical analysis --- Visualisation --- Imagination --- Visual perception --- Imagery (Psychology) --- Math --- Science --- Optical equipment --- Visualization --- Linear and Multilinear Algebras, Matrix Theory --- Computational Science and Engineering --- Computer Imaging, Vision, Pattern Recognition and Graphics --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics --- Data and Information Visualization --- Linear Algebra --- tensor --- tensor fields --- higher-order harmonics --- spherical harmonics --- image processing --- medical imaging --- diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) --- structural mechanics --- astrophysics --- statistics --- open access --- Combinatorics & graph theory --- Algebra --- Maths for scientists --- Computer vision --- Mathematical physics

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This open access book is a comprehensive review of the methods and algorithms that are used in the reconstruction of events recorded by past, running and planned experiments at particle accelerators such as the LHC, SuperKEKB and FAIR. The main topics are pattern recognition for track and vertex finding, solving the equations of motion by analytical or numerical methods, treatment of material effects such as multiple Coulomb scattering and energy loss, and the estimation of track and vertex parameters by statistical algorithms. The material covers both established methods and recent developments in these fields and illustrates them by outlining exemplary solutions developed by selected experiments. The clear presentation enables readers to easily implement the material in a high-level programming language. It also highlights software solutions that are in the public domain whenever possible. It is a valuable resource for PhD students and researchers working on online or offline reconstruction for their experiments.

Particle & high-energy physics --- Mensuration & systems of measurement --- Pattern recognition --- Mathematical physics --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation --- Pattern Recognition --- Numerical and Computational Physics, Simulation --- Accelerator Physics --- Automated Pattern Recognition --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics --- Event reconstruction --- Tracking detectors in High Energy Physics --- Vertex reconstruction --- Clustering algorithms --- Experimental High-Energy Physics --- LHC --- Calolimator for pattern recognition --- Vertex of particle collision --- Triggering event and data analysis --- Open access --- Scientific standards, measurement etc

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This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book addresses the physical phenomenon of events that seem to occur spontaneously and without any known cause. These are to be contrasted with events that happen in a (pre-)determined, predictable, lawful, and causal way. All our knowledge is based on self-reflexive theorizing, as well as on operational means of empirical perception. Some of the questions that arise are the following: are these limitations reflected by our models? Under what circumstances does chance kick in? Is chance in physics merely epistemic? In other words, do we simply not know enough, or use too crude levels of description for our predictions? Or are certain events "truly", that is, irreducibly, random? The book tries to answer some of these questions by introducing intrinsic, embedded observers and provable unknowns; that is, observables and procedures which are certified (relative to the assumptions) to be unknowable or undoable. A (somewhat iconoclastic) review of quantum mechanics is presented which is inspired by quantum logic. Postulated quantum (un-)knowables are reviewed. More exotic unknowns originate in the assumption of classical continua, and in finite automata and generalized urn models, which mimic complementarity and yet maintain value definiteness. Traditional conceptions of free will, miracles and dualistic interfaces are based on gaps in an otherwise deterministic universe. .

Physics. --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy and science. --- Probabilities. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Mathematics --- Chance --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk --- Science and philosophy --- Science --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Genetic epistemology. --- Distribution (Probability theory. --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Distribution functions --- Frequency distribution --- Characteristic functions --- Probabilities --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Mathematical physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Self-reflexive knowledge --- Physical chaos --- Physical random number generators --- Irreducible randomness --- Randomness in physics --- Physical indeterminism --- Acausality in physics --- Ecotoxicology. --- Environmental management. --- Waste management. --- Environmental Management. --- Waste Management/Waste Technology.

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This first open access volume of the handbook series contains articles on the standard model of particle physics, both from the theoretical and experimental perspective. It also covers related topics, such as heavy-ion physics, neutrino physics and searches for new physics beyond the standard model. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access.

Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Particle acceleration. --- String theory. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement   . --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Measurement --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Acceleration (Mechanics) --- Nuclear physics --- Ions --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Acceleration --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation --- Nuclear Physics --- Accelerator Physics --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics --- Standard Model of particle physics --- High energy physics handbook --- Collider physics --- Fundamental particles and forces --- HEP reference work --- experimental particle physics --- Landolt-Boernstein elementary particles --- accelerator physics experiments --- physics of particle detectors --- Open Access --- Quantum physics (quantum mechanics & quantum field theory) --- Atomic & molecular physics --- Particle & high-energy physics --- Statistical physics --- Scientific standards, measurement etc