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Einstein's theory of gravitation is perhaps one of the best-established theories ever conceived. However, it is based on the hypothesis that space-time carries curvature alone, leaving torsion out. Because torsion is a natural part of the most general geometric background in which Einstein gravity is built, it is all too natural that the torsional completion of gravity should be considered. Constructing an underlying stage in which both curvature and torsion are present, the fact that curvature couples with energy suggests that torsion may couple with spin, which is the other conserved quantity in quantum field theory. Torsion-gravity with spinning matter is, therefore, a complete and self-consistent setting for modern physics, with potential applications wherever spin effects may be important, stretching from quantum mechanics to the standard models of particle physics and early cosmology. However, this fact is not as present in today's literature as it might be. The scope of the present collection of papers is to consolidate the wisdom of various experts in the field so as to clarify the present status of torsion in gravity and spin in quantum field theory.

Torsion. --- Theoretical physics.

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Wind turbines are one of the most promising renewable energy technologies, and this motivates fertile research activity about developments in power optimization. This topic covers a wide range of aspects, from the research on aerodynamics and control design to the industrial applications about on-site wind turbine performance control and monitoring. This Special Issue collects seven research papers about several innovative aspects of the multi-faceted topic of wind turbine power optimization technology. The seven research papers deal respectively with the aerodynamic optimization of wind turbine blades through Gurney flaps; optimization of blade design for large offshore wind turbines; control design optimization of large wind turbines through the analysis of the competing objectives of energy yield maximization and fatigue loads minimization; design optimization of a tension leg platform for floating wind turbines; innovative methods for the assessment of wind turbine optimization technologies operating on site; optimization of multiple wake interactions modeling through the introduction of a mixing coefficient in the energy balance method; and optimization of the dynamic stall control of vertical-axis wind turbines through plasma actuators. This Special Issue presents remarkable research activities in the timely subject of wind turbine power optimization technology, covering various aspects. The collection is believed to be beneficial to readers and contribute to the wind power industry.

ANN --- DBD plasma actuation --- aerodynamics --- vertical-axis wind turbine --- PSO algorithm --- variable-speed wind turbine --- wind turbine --- wind energy --- analytical model --- wind farm efficiency --- omega arithmetic method --- wake interaction model --- tower fatigue --- floating offshore wind turbine --- dynamic stall --- nonlinear economic-model predictive control --- hydrodynamic motion response --- active flow control --- control and optimization --- wind farm --- blade optimization --- tension leg platform --- structures --- flow control --- Gurney flap --- time-domain coupled model --- drive-shaft torsion --- mixing coefficient --- modified Morison equation --- wind turbines --- FAST --- turbulence intensity

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The use of lightweight structures across several industries has become inevitable in today’s world given the ever-rising demand for improved fuel economy and resource efficiency. In the automotive industry, composites, reinforced plastics, and lightweight materials, such as aluminum and magnesium are being adopted by many OEMs at increasing rates to reduce vehicle mass and develop efficient new lightweight designs. Automotive weight reduction with high-strength steel is also witnessing major ongoing efforts to design novel damage-controlled forming processes for a new generation of efficient, lightweight steel components. Although great progress has been made over the past decades in understanding the thermomechanical behavior of these materials, their extensive use as lightweight solutions is still limited due to numerous challenges that play a key role in cost competitiveness. Hence, significant research efforts are still required to fully understand the anisotropic material behavior, failure mechanisms, and, most importantly, the interplay between industrial processing, microstructure development, and the resulting properties. This Special Issue reprint book features concise reports on the current status in the field. The topics discussed herein include areas of manufacturing and processing technologies of materials for lightweight applications, innovative microstructure and process design concepts, and advanced characterization techniques combined with modeling of material’s behavior.

n/a --- microstructure --- Mg-Al-Ba-Ca alloy --- strength --- severe plastic deformation --- hot working --- surface roughness --- high pressure torsion extrusion --- optimization --- fatigue fracture behavior --- magnesium alloys --- de-coring --- formability --- multilayered sheets --- HPDC --- spring-back --- contact heat transfer --- mechanical properties --- bending --- in-die quenching --- equivalent strain --- light metals --- processing --- heat transfer --- damage --- creep aging --- thin-walled profile --- rolling --- aluminum alloy --- transmission line fittings --- ceramic core --- processing map --- automated void recognition --- FEA --- multi-output porthole extrusion --- density --- kinetic analysis --- texture --- non-ferrous alloys --- material characterization --- stress superposition --- hot stamping --- metal flow --- hybrid composite material --- V-bending test --- finite element model --- aluminium alloy --- shear lap test --- Al-Cu-Mg alloy --- characterization

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This book gathers a collection of papers summarizing some of the latest developments in the thermomechanical processing of steels. The replacement of conventional rolling plus post-rolling heat treatments by integrated controlled forming and cooling strategies implies important reductions in energy consumption, increases in productivity and more compact facilities in the steel industry. The metallurgical challenges that this integration implies, though, are relevant and impressive developments that have been achieved over the last 40 years. The frequency of the development of new steel grades and processing technologies devoted to thermomechanically processed products is increasing, and their implementation is being expended to higher value added products and applications. In addition to the metallurgical peculiarities and relationships between chemical composition, process and final properties, the relevance impact of advanced characterization techniques and innovative modelling strategies provides new tools to achieve the further deployment of the TMCP technologies. The contents of the book cover low carbon microalloyed grades, ferritic stainless steels and Fe–Al–Cr alloys, medium-Mn steels, and medium carbon grades. Authors of the chapters of this "Thermomechanical Processing of Steels" book represent some of the most relevant research groups from both the steel industry and academia.

low carbon steel --- prior austenite grain boundary --- carbon segregation --- Bs temperature --- ferritic stainless steel --- plastic deformation --- dynamic strain-induced transformation --- intercritical rolling --- microalloying --- microstructure --- EBSD --- high-aluminum steel --- second phase --- phase transition --- thermodynamic calculation --- ferritic heat resistant stainless steel --- hot tensile deformation --- tensile property --- dynamic recrystallization --- flow behavior --- high Ti steels --- Nb microalloying --- recrystallization kinetics --- strain-induced precipitation --- rheological law modeling --- rolling --- microstructural and mechanical coupling --- defect reduction --- advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) --- medium-Mn steel --- phase equilibrium --- niobium-titanium microalloyed steel --- electrical resistivity --- atom probe tomography --- scanning electron microscopy --- low-carbon steel --- microalloyed --- hot torsion testing --- prior austenite --- polygonal ferrite --- bainite --- vanadium microalloying --- austenite stability --- HEXRD --- EELS --- n/a

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The aim of this Special Issue is to present the latest theoretical and experimental achievements concerning the mechanisms of microstructural change in metallic materials subject to different processing methods, and their effect on mechanical properties. It is my pleasure to present a series of compelling scientific papers written by scientists from the community of transition group metals, alloys, and intermetallic compounds.

delamination --- laser metal deposition --- metal matrix composites (MMCs) --- magnesium alloy --- laminate --- microstructure --- CoCrMoSi alloy coatings --- high-pressure torsion --- twin roll casting --- mechanical characterization --- AZ91 --- solidification thermal parameters --- deformation behavior --- additive manufacturing --- fatigue --- Ti-6Al-4V --- composite --- laser engineered net shaping --- tribaloy-type alloy --- spark plasma sintering --- cross-channel extrusion (CCE) --- magnesium alloys --- Z-pin reinforcement --- creep --- metal matrix composites --- z-pinning --- Ti3SiC2 --- mechanical properties --- ultrafine microstructure --- hardness --- Cu-Al-Ni-Fe bronze alloys --- z-pin reinforcement --- high pressure torsion --- high energy ball milling --- phase dissolution --- carbon fiber --- MAX phase --- honeycomb structure --- Ti6Al4V alloy --- energy absorption --- laser processing --- physical modeling technique (PMT) --- Mg-Zn-Al-Ca alloy --- metal–matrix composites (MMCs) --- processing map --- titanium alloys --- AA2519 --- LENS --- T-800 alloy --- numerical simulation (FEM) --- Cu–Ag alloy --- specific intermetallics --- calcium --- back pressure (BP) --- texture --- high pressure die casting --- fractography --- microhardness --- heat treatment --- structure --- flow curve --- dynamic tests --- strengthening mechanisms --- electron microscopy (in situ SEM) --- friction stir welding --- Laves phase --- Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENSTM) --- Inconel 625 --- severe plastic deformation (SPD)