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Taking exception from previous publications and reviews, this handbook boldly knits botulinum toxin therapy indications in both dystonia and spasticity. Botulinum toxin therapy has indeed withstood the test of time in terms of its efficacy and safety, as applied in hyperfunctional states of the muscle and exocrine glands. Topics were chosen spanning from the basic science to the clinical applications and to instrument-guidance injections. The format was envisioned to be timely as one (either a novice or an experienced clinician) applies practical approaches with botulinum toxin therapy ranging from straightforward to challenging clinical scenarios. As well, clinicians and students alike will find the book useful in content and relevance to contemporary times. Please read with no fear and don't doubt because indeed you eventually become the winner as you finish the book.

Botulinum toxin --- Dystonia --- Spasticity. --- Therapeutic use. --- Muscle spasticity --- Movement disorders --- Muscles --- Reflexes --- Spasms --- Extrapyramidal disorders --- Diseases --- Medicine --- Neurology --- Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System --- Health Sciences

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to paralysis, sensory, and autonomic nervous system dysfunctions. However, the pathophysiology of SCI is complex, and not limited to the nervous system. Indeed, several other organs and tissue are also affected by the injury, directly or not, acutely or chronically, which induces numerous health complications. Although a lot of research has been performed to repair motor and sensory functions, SCI-induced health issues are less studied, although they represent a major concern among patients. There is a gap of knowledge in pre-clinical models studying these SCI-induced health complications that limits translational applications in humans. This reprint describes several aspects of the pathophysiology of spinal cord injuries. This includes, but is not limited to, the impact of SCI on cardiovascular and respiratory functions, bladder and bowel function, autonomic dysreflexia, liver pathology, metabolic syndrome, bones and muscles loss, and cognitive functions.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- micturition --- external urethral sphincter --- spinal cord injury --- serotonin --- electromyogram --- fecal microbiota transplant --- inflammation --- anxiety --- rehabilitation --- autonomic dysreflexia --- immune dysfunction --- SCI-IDS --- primary afferents --- nociceptor --- reach-to-grasp --- forelimb function --- upper extremity function --- cardiovascular --- contusion --- neuroplasticity --- osteopenia --- bone loss --- recovery of function --- monoamines --- GABA --- neuromodulation --- pain --- spasticity --- ionic plasticity --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation --- phrenic motor network --- motoneuron excitability --- diaphragm muscle --- spinal cord injury severity --- cardiometabolic disease --- liver and cardiac dysfunctions --- fibrosis --- pathophysiology --- oxidative stress --- contusion model --- respiratory function --- diaphragmatic activity --- phrenic motoneurons --- neuroinflammation --- cytokines --- tumor necrosis factor --- immune cells --- microglia

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This book collects 25 scientific articles from laboratories around the world, all of which use botulinum neurotoxins as the main protagonists of their studies. The use of botulinum neurotoxin in medicine, following its ability to inhibit the effects of various disorders of different etiology on the human organism, constitutes the main topic of each article presented here. This book, which is aimed at both students and medical professionals, attempts to summarize current knowledge about the use of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent in many diseases, ranging from spasticity to tremor, form motor dysfunction after stroke to neuropathic pain, from hyperactive muscle to migraine, and so on. Thanks to its simplified writing, accessible to an audience who may not be familiar with the mysteries of science, readers will get new insights into this biological toxin and its multiple applications, not simply relegated to its historical use to correct of face wrinkles. Both review and research articles are presented, not only concerning animal studies, but also clinical reports. This book will provide an up-to-date picture of the state-of-the-art of the possible development of novel applications of botulinum neurotoxins for future therapeutic purposes.

botulinum toxin --- limb tremors --- muscle selection --- biological effect --- various cell types --- neurotransmitter --- dermatology --- novel indication --- botulinum neurotoxin --- masticatory system --- maxillofacial bone --- dental occlusion --- orthognathic surgery --- sialorrhoea --- drooling --- salivary glands --- swallowing --- eccrine glands --- onabotulinumtoxin A --- incobotulinumtoxin A --- botulinum neurotoxins --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype A --- heavy chain --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype a heavy chain (BoNT/A HC) --- spinal cord injury (SCI) --- nerve regeneration --- growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) --- superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) --- neuronal processes --- neural regeneration --- Schwann cells --- glia --- spinal cord --- immunohistochemistry --- allodynia --- weight bearing --- sciatic static index --- walking track analysis --- itch --- SNARE --- VAMP --- mast cells --- compound 48/80 --- chloroquine --- spasticity --- botulinum toxin type A --- appropriate treatment --- Therapeutic Index --- pruritus --- antipruritic --- clinical --- experimental --- BoNT/A --- astroglia --- interleukins --- microglia --- TLR2 --- TLR4 --- Snap-23 --- pain --- cerebral palsy --- botulinum toxin A --- complex regional pain syndrome --- lumbar sympathetic ganglion block --- chronic pelvic pain --- overactive detrusor --- vaginism --- temporomandibular joint dislocation --- lateral pterygoid muscle --- botulinum toxin therapy --- synaptic transmission --- SNAP-25 --- epilepsy --- Parkinson’s disease --- neurotransmission blockade --- electrical activity --- prion disease --- new indications --- formulation --- delivery --- refractory chronic migraine --- tension headache --- medication overuse headache --- prophylactic treatment --- XEOMIN® --- BTX --- central neuropathic pain --- spinal cord injury --- post-stroke shoulder pain --- mouse test --- Clostridium tetani --- botulinum antitoxin --- food safety --- abobotulinumtoxinA --- upper limb spasticity --- post-stroke --- early use --- ONTIME --- clinical trial --- human --- urodynamics --- botulinum neurotoxin-A --- basal ganglia --- interspecies differences in motor behavior --- mouse --- rat --- interneurons --- hand tremor --- treatment --- electromyography --- kinematics --- essential tremor --- dystonic tremor --- tremor --- movement disorders --- Botulinum toxin --- upper limb biomechanics --- joint biomechanics --- diagnostic guidance --- clinical decision support --- spastic paresis --- electrical stimulation --- stroke management --- rehabilitation --- hand --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease